FEMORAL TRIANGLE FEMORAL TRIANGLE The femoral triangle (of Scarpa) is an anatomical region of the upper inner human thigh. It is a subfascial space which in living people appears as a triangular depression inferior to the inguinal ligament when the thigh is flexed, abducted and laterally rotated. STRUCTURE: The femoral triangle is bounded: superiorly by the inguinal ligament. medially by the medial […]
Laryngocele LARYNGOCELE Air filled cystic swelling due to dilation of saccule of the ventricle. The saccule is a diverticulum of mucous membrane which starts from the anterior part of ventricular cavity and extends upwards between vestibular folds and lamina of thyroid cartilage. The laryngoceles must be differentiated from saccular cyts; which is filled with mucous, and
Thyroplasty THYROPLASTY Thyroplasty is a phonosurgical technique designed to improve the voice by altering the thyroid cartilage of the larynx (the voice box), which houses the vocal cords in order to change the position or the length of the vocal cords. Isshiki divided thyroplasty procedures into 4 categories to produce functional alteration of vocal cords
Antrochoanal Polyp ANTROCHOANAL POLYP Antrochoanal polyp is non-cancerous growth arising from the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus and reaches the opening of the sinus in the nasal cavity through the opening of maxillary sinus in the middle meatus. Also known as Killian’s polyp. Exact etiology is not known. It is single and unilateral, i.e. it occurs
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Ethmoidal Polyp ETHMOIDAL POLYP Ethmoidal polyps are multiple, bilateral, painless, pearly white, grape like masses arising from the ethmoidal air cells.They are mostly seen in adults.Both sexes are affected. ETIOLOGY OF ETHMOIDAL POLYP The following conditions are associated with Ethmoidal polyp: Bronchial asthma – In 20-50% of patients with polyps Cystic Fibrosis – Allergic nasal polyps are rarely,
Voice Disorders DYSPHONIA PLICA VENTRICULARIS Ventricular dysphonia Voice is produced by ventricular folds (false cords) Voice is rough, low pitched and unpleasant. Ventricular voice may be secondary to impaired function of the true cord such as paralysis, fixation, surgical excision, or tumours. Ventricular bands in these situations try to compensate or assume phonatory function of
Benign Lesions of Larynx BENIGN LESIONS OF LARYNX VOCAL NODULES Singer’s or Screamer’s nodes Appear symmetrically on the free edges of vocal cords, at the junction of anterior one-third and posterior two-thirds. Size of nodule is less than 3 mm. Results of vocal trauma when a person speaks in unnatural low tones for prolonged periods
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Recurrent Laryngeal Papillomatosis RECURRENT LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMATOSIS/RECURRENT RESPIRATORY PAPILLOMATOSIS RRP has a bimodal age distribution and manifests most commonly in children younger than 5 years (juvenile-onset RRP [JORRP]) or in persons in the fourth decade of life (adult-onset RRP [AORRP]). JORRP is more common and more severe than AORRP. CAUSE OF RECURRENT LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMATOSIS JORRP is
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Subglottic Stenosis SUBGLOTTIC STENOSIS Subglottic stenosis is a congenital or acquired narrowing of the subglottic airway. It can present as a life-threatening airway emergency. CAUSES OF SUBGLOTTIC STENOSIS Congenital subglottic stenosis is a birth defect. Acquired subglottic stenosis generally follows as an after-effect of airway intubation, and in extremely rare cases as a result of
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Laryngeal involvement in miscellaneous causes ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA It is essentially an anaphylaxis limited to the skin and subcutaneous tissues and can be due to drug allergy, insect stings or bites, desensitization injections or ingestion of certain foods (particularly eggs, shellfish or nuts) It is characterized by a diffuse and painful swelling of loose subcutaneous tissue, e.g. dorsum of hands or feet, eyelids, lips,
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