Degradation of Pyrimidine Nucleotides CATABOLISM OF PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES Cytosine and Uracil to Beta Alanine — CO2, NH3 Thymine and β- aminoisobutyrate — CO2, NH3 The end products are highly water soluble. Exam Important The end products of pyrimidine catabolism are highly water soluble. E.g. CO2, NH3, β- aminoisobutyrate, beta alanine. Pseudouridine is excreted unchanged as […]
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STEPS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (Translation) TRANSLATION Translation is the process in which the genetic information stored in DNA is passed on to mRNA where it is translated into proteins. Translation occurs in ribosomes. mRNA is translated from its 5’ end to its 3’- end (51 à 31 ) 4 letter language information from nucleic acids
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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AML is a heterogenous disease characterised by infiltration of malignant myeloid cells into blood, bone marrow. AML is due to inhibition of maturation of myeloid stem cells due to mutations. Seen in mainly in adults (50 years). Chromosomal mutations in AML are translocation t (8: 21) &
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SJOGREN’S SYNDROME SJOGREN’S SYNDROME Sjogren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder associated with parotid glands. It is characterised by lymphocytic infiltration of salivary and lacrimal gland. It affects women more (40- 60 years) Associated with HLA- B8 & DR3. Associated with RA, SLE, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Clinical Features- Dry eyes ( keratoconjuctivitis sicca) Xerostomia Vaginal
Glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) GLUCOSE-6 –PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DIFICIENCY ANAEMIA (G6PD) Hereditary disorders of red cell interior are of 2 types- 1. Red cell enzyme defects (enzymopathies) Defective red cell metabolism involves 2 pathways- Defect in hexose monophosphate shunt- E.g. G6PD deficiency. Defect in Embden- Meyerhoff pathway- E.g. Pyruvate kinase deficiency 2. Disorders of haemoglobin
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Healing of specialised tissue (fracture healing) HEALING IN SPECIALIZED TISSUES Fracture healing- Healing of fracture by callus formation depends on- Traumatic/ pathological Complete/ incomplete Simple/ compound Healing of any fracture takes place by- Primary union of fracture Secondary union (more common)- it is described under 3 heading- a) Procallus formation- it is as follows Hematoma formation
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Stem cells STEM CELLS Stem cells has major 2 properties- Self renewal Asymmetric replication (stochastic differentiation) Types of Stem cells- 1. Embryogenic stem cells (ES cells)- They are pluripotent (generate all cell lineages) Isolated from normal blastocysts Most undifferentiated stem cells. 2. Adult stem cells Also called as tissue stem cells. Adult stem cells occur in
urolithiasis UROLITHIASIS Urolithiasis/ nephrolithiasis is the formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract. Most common location of calculi arise in the kidney. More common in males. Seen in 2nd to 3rd decades of life. They are characterised by colicky pain (renal colic) & hematuria. Types of Urinary Calculi- There are 4 types
GRANULOCYTE STIMULATING FACTOR (G-CSF) GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF or GCSF)/Colony-Stimulating Factor-3 (CSF 3). A glycoprotein that stimulates bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells. Produced by endothelium, macrophages, and other immune cells in response to cytokines. Recombinant G-CSFs include filgrastim, lenograstim, nartograstim & pegfilgrastim. Normally present during pregnancy. Actions of G-CSF: White blood cells G-CSF-receptor
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ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY (ANCA) ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES(ANCA) ANCA’s are the heterogeneous group of autoantibodies directed against antigens which are found within primary granules of neutrophil and in the lysosomes of monocytes and in endothelial cells. Description based on immunofluorescence pattern of staining of ethanol-fixed neutrophils. With immunofluorescence two principal patterns are recognized: 1. Anti-proteinase-3 (PR3-ANCA) Previously referred to as “Cytoplasmic
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