Hypercalcemia HYPERCALCEMIA Hypercalcemia is when total serum calcium value is above the upper limit of the normal range or an elevated ionized calcium value. Etiology- I) With normal or elevated PTH levels- Primary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism (most common) Li- induced hyperparathyroidism Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia II) With low PTH levels- Malignancy (most common) Elevated 1, 25 […]
TCA POISONING Q. 1 A women consumes several tablets of amitryptiline leading to poisoning. All of the following can be done except A Sodium bicarbonate infusion B Gastric lavage C Diazepam to control seizure D Atropine as antidote Q. 1 A women consumes several tablets of amitryptiline leading to poisoning. All of the following can
TCA POISONING TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT POISONING (TCA POISONING) Features of TCA overdose: 1. Mainly cardiotoxicity: Mainly cardiac (ventricular) arrhythmias – Results in mortality. Due to inhibition of cardiac fast Na+ channels –> Leading to, slowing of phase 0 depolarization in His-Purkinje tissue & myocardium. Other cardiotoxic features: Conduction defects Hypotension ECG changes like QRS & QT prolongation.
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE Q. 1 A 28 year old female with a several-year history of intermittent diarrhea and abdominal pain is seen for inflammatory bowel disease. Endoscopic evaluation of her terminal ileum, colon, and rectum is undertaken. Which of the following endoscopic observations is more indicative of Crohn’s disease than of ulcerative colitis? A Discontinuous
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Read More »
UTERINE STIMULANTS & RELAXANTS Q. 1 Specific treatment of severe pre eclampsia is? A Magnesium sulfate B Termination of pregnancy C Anti convulsants D Anti hypertensives Q. 1 Specific treatment of severe pre eclampsia is? A Magnesium sulfate B Termination of pregnancy C Anti convulsants D Anti hypertensives Ans. A Explanation: Magnesium sulfate REF: Current Diagnosis
Uterine Stimulants & Relaxants Read More »
UTERINE STIMULANTS & RELAXANTS UTERINE STIMULANTS & RELAXANTS I) UTERINE STIMULANTS Are drugs increasing uterine contractions. Also known as oxytocics/ecbolics. Substances causing uterine stimulation: 1. Oxytocin: Secreted by posterior pituitary, along with ADH. Functions: Increases uterine contractions with complete relaxation on intervals. Increases contraction of upper segment of uterus (fundus & body) Lower segment is
Uterine Stimulants & Relaxants Read More »
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE Inflammatory bowel disease is an immune mediated chronic intestinal condition. Two main types of IBD- Ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease (regional ileitis) Pathogenesis- Clinical features- Extracolonic manifestations- Extraintestinal manifestations- Systemic manifestations- Investigations & Treatment is same as ulcerative colitis & crohn’s disease studied in the respective module. Exam Important Two
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Read More »
DRUGS FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Q. 1 Baclofen is used in the treatment of ‑ A Schizophrenia B Depression C Anxiety D Spasticity Q. 1 Baclofen is used in the treatment of ‑ A Schizophrenia B Depression C Anxiety D Spasticity Ans. D Explanation: Ans. is ‘d’ i.e., Spasticity Q. 2 Which of the following drugs
Drugs For Multiple Sclerosis Read More »
DRUGS FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS DRUGS FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease resulting in neurons demyelination. Drug Mechanism Route & Frequency Adverse Effects Interferon-β 1a Down-regulates expression of MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells. ↓ Pro-inflammatory. ↑ regulatory cytokines. ↓ T-cell proliferation ↓ Entry of inflammatory cells in CNS. Intramuscular (i.m.), once a week.
Drugs For Multiple Sclerosis Read More »
ZOLLINGER- ELLISON SYNDROME Q. 1 A patient is diagnosed with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Which of the following would be the most appropriate pharmacotherapy? A Erythropoietin B Famotidine C Fluorouracil D Omeprazole Q. 1 A patient is diagnosed with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Which of the following would be the most appropriate pharmacotherapy? A Erythropoietin B Famotidine C Fluorouracil
Zollinger- Ellison Syndrome Read More »
