Question
Cause of Condition of a Male shown in the photograph is
| A. |
Klinefelter’s syndrome |
| B. |
Spironolactone |
| C. |
Pituitary Tumor |
| D. |
All of the above |
Show Answer
|
Correct Answer � D Explanation |
 |
Ans is D All of the above
The condition shown in the image is Gynaecomastia
Gynecomastia
- It results from an altered estrogen-androgen balance, in favor of estrogen, or from increased breast sensitivity to a normal circulating estrogen level.
Conditions associated with gynecomastia:
- Klinefelter syndrome
- Congenital anorchia
- Testicular trauma
- Viral orchitis
- Kallmann syndrome
- Pituitary tumors or abnormalities such as the ones that lead to either hypersecretion or hyposecretion of LH
- Malignancies that increase the serum level of hCG (eg, large cell lung cancer, gastric carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma)
- Renal failure
- Hyperthyroidism: Gynecomastia seen with hyperthyroidism is due to increased aromatase activity and increased levels of SHBG.
- Malnutrition: Gynecomastia seen with malnutrition and starvation is probably due to reduced gonadotropin and testosterone levels relative to estrogen
- Androgen insensitivity syndrome
- Aromatase excess syndrome.
Drugs associated with Gynecomastia:
Antiandrogen/inhibitors of androgen synthesis are as follows:
- Cyproterone acetate
- Flutamide, bicalutamide, nilutamide
- Ketoconazole
- Spironolactone
Cancer/chemotherapeutic drugs are as follows:
- Alkylating agents
- Methotrexate
- Vinca alkaloids
- Imatinib
Cardiac and antihypertensive medications are as follows:
- Calcium channel blockers (verapamil, nifedipine, diltiazem)
- ACE Inhibitors (captopril, enalapril)
- Digoxin
- Alpha-blockers
- Amiodarone
- Methyldopa
- Reserpine
- Nitrates
Hormones are as follows:
- Androgens
- Anabolic steroids
- Estrogens
- Growth hormones
- Chorionic gonadotropin
Psychoactive drugs are as follows:
- Haloperidol
- Diazepam
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Haloperidol
- Phenothiazines
Drugs for infectious diseases are as follows:
- Antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS (eg, indinavir)
- Isoniazid
- Ethionamide
- Griseofulvin
- Minocycline
- Metronidazole
- Ketoconazole
Drugs of abuse are as follows:
- Amphetamines
- Heroin
- Methadone
- Alcohol
- Marijuana
Others are as follows:
- Theophylline
- Omeprazole
- Auranofin
- Diethylpropion
- Domperidone
- Penicillamine
- Sulindac
- Heparin
- Methotrexate
Management:
- Medical: Clomiphene, Tamoxifen, Danazol
- Surgical: Reduction Mammoplasty