LEARNING

Ans:D-Operant Conditioning

• Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which responses are controlled by their consequences.
• The term operant conditioning for this type of learning was coined by B.F Skinner.
• The three basic operant conditioning techniques are reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment.
• Positive reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior with a positive condition such as giving reward.
• Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior by associating the behavior with the removal of a negative condition.
• Punishment decreases the probability of a behavior by associating the behavior with a negative condition.

Ans:B-Classical conditioning

Pavlov’s experiment is an example of Classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning is a process of learning, by which a previously neutral stimulus elicit an identical or similar response to one originally elicited by another stimulus as a result of pairing of the two stimuli. 

Habituation is a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeated many times.

Ref: Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology 23rd edition, Chapter 19.

D i.e. Conditioned learning

Ans:B i.e. Negative conditioning

• Negative reinforcement is a term described by B. F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning.
• In negative reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus
• Negative reinforcement can be an effective way to strengthen the desired behavior.Hence it will be more useful to remove many of the bad habits that are practised daily.
• However, it is most effective when reinforcers are presented immediately following a behavior. When a long period elapses between the behavior and the reinforcer, the response is likely to be weaker.
• In some cases, behaviors that occur in the intervening time between the initial action and the reinforcer are may also be inadvertently strengthened as well.

Ans:C i.e. Punishment

Operant conditioning (learning) procedures of behaviour therapy to change maladaptive behaviour use response as reinforcer.

In punishment (operant conditioned-behaviour therapy) aversive (pain) response/stimulus is given for decreasing undesired behaviour whereas, in positive reinforcement desirable behaviour is followed by reward (eg material, praise or token economy) and in negative reinforcement punishment is avoided on performance of desirable act to strengthen it Many of bad day to day habbits can be removed by negative conditioning (contingency managment)

Operant Conditioning procedures used in Behaviour Therapy:

A i.e. Punishment 

Punishment & frustrative-non reward lead to decrease in resultant behavior, whereas both positive & negative reinforcements increases (reinforces) the frequency of a particular response.

Operant conditioning describes how consequences of a behavior lead to an increase or decrease in that behavior. Behavior is increased when it is followed by reward (Positive reinforcement) or removal of unpleasant stimulus (negative reinforcement) and reduced by taking away a positive stimulus (frustrative-non reward) or adding a negative stimulus (punishment).

C i.e. Recruitment by multiplication of neurons

A > Conditioned Reflex

Ans. is ‘b’ i.e., Temporary change in behaviour

Learning

• Learing is any relative permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of practice of experience.
• It means acquiring something new- new knowledge, new techniques, new skills, new fears and new experiences.
• Learing is necessary for man’s survival and for human progress.
• It includes not only acquiring knowledge but also skills and formation of habits, and development of perception.
• Learing depends largely upon intelligence.
• Learing also depends upon motivation, and motivation depends on the need sutdents feel to learn.
• Learing is a continuous process. It is both conscious and unconscious.

Ans. a. Operant conditioning

Ans. is ‘b’ i.e., Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

• In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (which usually does not produce the response), when paired with unconditioned stimulus (stimulus which usually produces a response), directly produces a response.
• The typical example of classical conditioning is pavlov’s experiment. Normally food produces salivation in dog, Therefore salivation in response to food is called unconditioned response and the stimulus, i.e., food is called unconditioned stimulus. Under normal circumstances, a dog does not salivate at the sound of a bell. However, if the sound of bell is paired consistently with presentation of food, the dog begans to salivate to the sound of bell even if the food is not presented. This learned response, i.e., salivation to a sound of bell without food, is called conditioned response and the stimulus (sound of a bell) is called conditioned stimulus.
• There is a reverse side to classical conditioning, called counter conditioning. This amounts to reducing the intensity of conditioned response (e.g., anxiety) by establishing an incompatible response (e.g., relaxation) to a conditioned stimulus (i.e., snake). So anxiety symptoms can be reduced when the stimuli to anxiety are presented in graded order and systemically paired with a relaxation response. This process of reciprocal inhibition is called systemic desensitization.
• Other behavioral therapies based on classical conditioning principle (counter conditioning) are exposure with response prevention and aversion therapy.