Renal Stones/ Nephrolithiasis
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All India Test
Fluid mosaic model
Fluid mosaic model Proposed by “Singer & Nicolson” in 1972 → Describes membrane as in “state of fluidity like a gel”. → Compared with “Icebergs” (Membrane proteins) floating in sea (phospholipid molecules).
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Fluid compartment of CNS
Fluid compartment of CNS Main fluid components – Cerebrospinal Fluid & Cerebral blood flow Functionality: • Lubrication by CSF • Nutrition by cerebral blood flow Cerebrospinal Fluid: → Normal Volume = 150 mL; Normal CSF pressure = 70 -180 mm H2O. → Rate of CSF production = 550 mL/day; Recycling rate = 3.7 times/day →
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Fetal surveillance
Fetal surveillance → It should begin b/w 32-34 weeks in stable diabetes & @ 28 weeks for growth restricted fetuses. → Overt diabetics and GDM patients on insulin are admitted at 34 weeks and antepartum monitoring done. → USG for fetal growth – starts at 28 wk. and is done every 4 weekly. → Fetal
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Extramniotic Ethacridine
Extramniotic Ethacridine Mechanism behind is as it separates the uterus from membranes, membranes will start producing progesterone which will bring about contractions of the uterus and ultimately expelling of the fetus or conception product. The steps in the mechanism consists of: Foleys catheter Place between uterus & membranes Pass Ethacridine %, dose 10ml x weeks
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Endocytosis-Types
Endocytosis-Types Phagocytosis / CeIl Eating: → Endocytosis of solid particle (bacterium / dead cells) → Ex. As in WBCs & tissue macrophages. Pinocytosis / Cell Drinking → Endocytosis of liquid. → Occurs in most of our body cells.
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
Endocytosis & Exocytosis 1. Endocytosis Cell takes contents in (i.e.., from ECF to cytoplasm). Steps: On contact with large molecule, cell membrane invaginates forming vesicle, including macromolecule. Vesicle is pinched within cell & restoring cell membrane. Requires energy, Ca++ & contractile elements in cell. 2. Exocytosis/endocytosis/reverse pinocytosis: Reverse of endocytosis. Process of extrusion of secretory
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Ear-Functions
Ear-Functions The functions of ear are: 1.Hearing-Controlled by cochlea 2.Balance-Controlled by vestibular apparatus Both the functions are taken care by Cranial nerve 8-Vestibulocochlear nerve
Drugs to prevent Pregnancy Induced hypertension
Drugs to prevent Pregnancy Induced hypertension Best- Aspirin (↓ Thromboxane A2) Dose of Asprin-50-150 mg/day @ 12-28 weeks (if pt. develops PIH then continue throughout pregnancy Heparin & Aspirin Ca2+ supplementation if it is ↓ Regular exercise → Following has No role in preventing PIH: – Bed Rest Diet Salt restriction Supplementation of Fish
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Initial factors considered to diagnose intrauterine growth restriction
Initial factors considered to diagnose intrauterine growth restriction 1. Identify mothers at risk: – → PIH → Chronic Renal Disease → BMI↓ & Less wt. gain → Infections 2. Sure about gestational age
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