AIDS defining Opportunistic infections and Neoplasms

Ans:D.)All.

Common opportunistic infections in AIDS

Ans. is ‘c’ i.e., Disseminated candidiasis

Ans. is ‘b’ i.e., Strongyloides stercoralis 

.  Amongst the given options only stongyloides causes opportunistic infection in AIDS.

.  Generalised strongyloidosis may be seen in AIDS.

Ans. is ‘a’ i.e., Kaposi sarcoma 

Neoplastic disease in AIDS

.             Kaposi sarcoma (most common tumor)

.             Non Hodgkin lymphoma

–              Immunoblastic lymphoma (most common lymphoma)

– Primary CNS lymphoma (associated with EBV)

–              Burkitt’s lymphoma

.             Other less common neoplasm are

–              Hodgkin’s disease             – Leukemia        – Cervical Ca     – Brain tumor      – Testicular Ca

–             Multiple myeloma               – Melanoma       – Lung Ca          – Anal Ca              – Oral Ca

Ans. is ‘None’ 

.  CMV does not cause any Cancer in AIDS patients.

.  CMV is not an Oncogenic Virus.

.   Viruses causing cancer in AIDS patients are HHV – 8 (Kaposi sarcoma) and EBV (Burkitt’s lymphoma).

Ans. is ‘b’ i.e., Cryptococcosis.

HIV related infections and illnesses:

Oppurtunistic Infections in AIDS:

• Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) was commonest (25%), followed by cryptococcal meningitis (22%), cytomegalovirus (CMV), retinitis (17%), disseminated tuberculosis (15%), and cerebral toxoplasmosis (12.5%).

Ans. is. None

Ans. is ‘b & c’ i.e., It is one of the common opportunistic infection in AIDS; AFB (+)ve cyst

Crvptosporidium

.                       Most human infections are caused by C. parvum.

.                       Infective form –> Oocyst (contain four sporozoites).

.                       Oocyst is 2 to 5 m in diameter.

.                       There are two types of oocysts

a)         Thin walled                 Reinfect the same host

b)         Thick walled               exit forms, infect new hosts.

.   When stained with modified Ziehl – Neelsen staining method, the oocysts are acid fast.

.    Mode of transmission       Ingestion of oocyst.

.     Principal site of infection —) Small intestine.

.   In small intestine, ingested oocyst liberates sporozoites (4 in number) which infect the intestinal epithelial cells and multiply in vacuole. This vacuole is intracellular but extracytoplasmic.

.     Clinical manifestations

– C. Parvum can infect both immunocompetent and immuno compromised persons.

– Cryptosporidiosis is a common cause of diarrhea, in patients with AIDS (option b)

– In patients with AIDS involvement of the biliary tract can cause papillary stenosis, sclerosing cholongitis or cholecystitis.

.    Treatment

– Currently no effective therapy is available.

– Parmomycin – Partially effective in HIV patient

– Nitrazoxanide – in children

Ans. is ‘c’ i.e., Astrocytoma

Neoplastic disease in AIDS

o Kaposi sarcoma (most common tumor)

o Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

         Immunoblastic lymphoma (most common lymphoma)

         Primary CNS lymphoma (associated with EBV)

         Burkitt’s lymphoma

Other less common neoplasms are

• Hodgkin’s disease                           
• Leukemia          
• Cervical Ca     
• Brain tumor           
• Testicular Ca
• Multiple myeloma                             
• Melanoma         
• Lung Ca          
• Anal Ca                

Answer is ‘c’ i.e. Non specific enlargement of lymph node 

In AIDS, the lymphadenopathy is most often due to the chronic non specific lymphadenitis producing follicular hyperplasia.

Ans is ‘a’ ie. Kaposi Sarcoma 

Answer is A (Immunoblastic Lymphoma)

The most common lymphomas seen in HIV Patients are Immunoblastic Lymphomas. Majority of these are Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas (DLBLS).

Ans. D: Aspergillosis

Ans. B: Unilateral parotid enlargement is common

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be associated with nontender, bilateral enlargement of the major salivary glands or symptoms of dry mouth known as HIV-associated salivary gland disease (HIV-SGD). Labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsy can be done.

HIV-SGD patient show a number of similarities to and differences from patient with Sjogren’s syndrome (SS). The similarities include the oral and salivary features, histopathology and possibly changes in other orgAns. The differences include the lower salivary gland T4/ T8 ratio and the absence of autoantibodies in serum.

Ans. is ‘a’ i.e., P. jiroveci

• P. jiroveci (Carinii) is the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, overall.
• “P jiroveci pneumonia remains the most common AIDS-related opportunistic infection”
• Textbook of diagnostic microbiology – In developing countries (like India), The most common opportunistic infection in AIDS is M. tuberculosis.