Derived Sugars

• Oxidation of Sugar- Under mild oxidation, aldehyde group is oxidised to Aldonic Acid.
• *Glucose to Gluconic Acid
• Mannose to Mannonic Acid
• Galactose to Galactonic Acid.
• Oxidation of aldehyde group from glucose in blood glucose estimation results in Gluconic Acid.
• Oxidation of terminal alcohol group leads to the production of Glucuronic acid.
• Under strong oxidation-
• Glucose to glucosaccharic acid
• Mannose to mannaric acid
• Galactose to mucic acid 

Sugar Alcohols-

Glucose	Sorbitol
Mannose	Mannitol	Reduces intracranial pressure by forced diuresis
Galactose	Dulcitol/Galactitol	Osmotic effect causes cataract in Galactosemia &Diabetes
Fructose	Sorbitol and Mannitol

• Deoxy Sugar- Oxygen of the hydroxyl group may be removed to form deoxy sugars.
• Deoxyribose– is an important part of nucleic acid.
• Oxygen is removed from the 2^nd position
• Feulgen Staining is specific for 2-deoxy sugar(DNA) in tissues.(*Schiff’s agent)
• L-fuctose is present in the blood antigen.               
• Amino Sugars– Amino group substituted for hydroxyl group in the second carbon atom of monosacharides to form Amino Sugars. 

Glucosamine	Seen in hyluronic acid, heparin & blood group substance.
Galactosamine (Chondrosamine)	Present in chondroitin of cartilage, tendons & bone.
Mannosamine	Constituent of glycoproteins.

• An unusual amino sugar with 9 carbon atom is Sialic Acid.
• The principal Sialic Acid found in human body is N Acetyl Neuraminic Acid (NANA) and is derivative f N-acetylmannose and pyruvic acid.
• Erythromycin is an antibiotic which contains amino sugar.
• GLYCOSIDES- When the monosaccharide is condensed with an alcohol, phenol or sterol by O- Glycosidic Linkage to form glycoside.
• Digitonin is a cardiac stimulant.
• Quabain in cardiac effect
• Phlorhizin produces renal damage.
• Antibiotic- Streptomycin, Puromycin.
• Benedict’s Reaction- Standard lab test to diagnose Diabetes mellitus.

Shapes of Osazones-

• Needle-shaped/Broomstick/sheaves of corn – Glucose, Fructose, Mannose
• Pincushion with pins/Hedgehog/ Flower of Touch –me-not – Lactose
• Sunflower Petal-shaped –  Maltose 

METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF GLUCOSE-

Reductometric Methods	Nelson Somogyi Method Folin-Wu Method O- Toluidine Method
Enzymatic Method	Hexokinase Method Glucose-Oxidase Perioxidase Method (GOD-POD) Highly specific method  Used in dry nanlysis technique

 

 

 

 

 

 

TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES 

General test for all carbohydrates	Molisch test
Tests for reducing substances	Benedict’s Test
Test to differentiate monosaccharides and Diasaccharides	Barfoed’s Test         Moore’s Test         Fehling’s Test
Test to differentiate Aldoses and Ketoses	Seliwanoff’s Test          Rapid Furfural Test          Fougler’s Test
Test to detect Deoxy Sugar	Feulgen Staining
Test for Pentoses	Bial’s Test
Test for Galactose	Mucic Acid Test

• Reaction In Glucose oxidase and Perioxidase Method is- (GOD-POD)
• Glucose + H₂O₂ + O₂  GOD_→   Gluconic Acid + H₂O₂
• 2H₂O₂ + 4 aminoantipyrine + PHB  POD → Quinoneminine dye + H₂O (RED COLOR)

Don’t Forget to Solve all the previous Year Question asked on Derived Sugars
Click Here to Start Quiz