DYSPHAGIA

I) Based on location-

• Oropharyngeal dysphagia- transfer of food from oral cavity to upper oesophagus. Occurs in voluntary phase.
• Esophageal dysphagia- transport food into the stomach. Occurs in involuntary phase.

II) Based on onset-

• Acute- common in children
• Chronic

III)  Based on progression-

• Progressive
• Intermittent

Causes-

Classification-

I) Based on location-

• Oropharyngeal dysphagia- transfer of food from oral cavity to upper oesophagus. Occurs in voluntary phase.
• Esophageal dysphagia- transport food into the stomach. Occurs in involuntary phase.

II) Based on onset-

• Acute- common in children
• Chronic

III)  Based on progression-

• Progressive
• Intermittent

Causes-

 Clinical features-

• Pain and difficulty in swallowing
• Nasal regurgitation
• Coughing or gagging while swallowing
• Dysarthria
• Loss of weight

Investigations-

• Barium swallow examination- pharyngeal pouch, webs & strictures
• Oesophagoscopy (1^st investigations) & gastroscopy- strictures or achlasia
• CT scan- for malignancy stages
• Endoscopic ultrasound- abnormalities within the wall
• 24hr pH monitoring for GERD