Ether
Ether was first used by:
| A | Preistly | |
| B | Morton | |
| C | Wells | |
| D | Simpson |
Ether was first used by:
| A | Preistly | |
| B | Morton | |
| C | Wells | |
| D | Simpson |
Morton
All of the following are the disadvantages of anaesthetic ether, EXCEPT:
| A |
Induction is slow |
|
| B |
Irritant nature of ether increases salivary and bronchial secretions |
|
| C |
Cautery cannot be used |
|
| D |
Affects blood pressure and is liable to produce arrhythmias |
Ether liberates catecholamines and tends to maintain blood pressure.
Cardiac arrythmias occur rarely with ether and
there is no sensitization of the myocardium to circulating catecholamines.
Ref: KDT, 5th Edition, Pages 338-339; Lee’s Synopsis of Anaesthesia, 12th Edition, Pages 168-169;Textbook of Anaesthesia By Aitkinhead, 4th Edition, Page 162; Basics of Anaesthesia E-Book: Expert Consult By Ronald D. Miller, Manuel Pardo, 2011
In formal ether concentration technique, which layer contain parasites –
| A |
Ether |
|
| B |
Fecal debris |
|
| C |
Formal water |
|
| D |
Sediment |
Ans. is ‘d’ i.e., Sediment
. In ether concentration technique, four layers develop after centrifugation ( from top to bottom) :- (i) Ether and dissolved fat; (ii) fecal debris; (iii) forrmal water; (iv) sediment containing parasites
| A |
Ether |
|
| B |
N20 |
|
| C |
Halothane |
|
| D |
Chloroform |
A i.e. Ether
No effect on heart
| A |
Chloroform |
|
| B |
Ether |
|
| C |
Methoxyflurane |
|
| D |
Halothane |
B i.e. Ether
The plane of surgical anesthesia during ether anesthesia is defined as
| A |
Loss of consciousness |
|
| B |
Loss of consciousness to the onset of spontaneous respiration |
|
| C |
From onset of regular respiration to cessation of spontaneous breathing |
|
| D |
Absence of reflexes |
Ans. c. From onset of regular respiration to cessation of spontaneous breathing
Stage 1:
* Stage of analgesia.
* Extends from beginning of anesthetic inhalation to loss of conciousness.
Stage 2:
* Stage of delirium or excitement.
* Extends from loss of conciousness to beginning of regular respiration.
* Features:
– Presence of roving eye ball (maximum movement of eye).
– Pupil is partially dilated.
– Loss of eyelash reflex -> 1st reflex to be lost.
– No loss of eyelid reflex.
Stage 3:
* Stage of surgical anesthesia.
* Extends from beginning of regular respiration to cessation of spontaneous breathing.
* Divided into 4 planes.
* Plane 1:
– From beginning of regular respiration to cessation of eye movement.
– Presence of roving eye ball.
– Loss of eyelid reflex.
– Plane ends with eye-ball fixation.
– Normal pupil size.
* Plane 2:
– From cessation of eye movement to respiratory paresis.
– Fixed eye ball.
– Loss of corneal reflex.
– Pupil starts dilating (1/2 dilated).
– Lacrimation present.
* Plane 3:
– From respiratory paresis to respiratory paralysis.
– Pupil 3/4 dilated.
– Swallowing & laryngeal reflexes are lost.
– Lacrimation present
* Plane 4:
– Intercostal paralysis.
– Only abdominal respiration.
– Fully dilated pupil.
– Lost carinal (cough reflex) –> Final reflex to be lost.
Stage 4:
– Stage of medullary paralysis.
– Presence of respiratory arrest & apnea.
– Fully dilated & fixed pupil.
* Return of reflexes is in opposite sequence.
– i.e., 1st – Carinal reflex.
– Last – Eyelash reflex.
Note: Cough should come first but swallowing comes first.
– Because coughing requires diaphragm & respiratory muscles effort.
| A | Morgan | |
| B |
Priestly |
|
| C |
Morton |
|
| D |
None |
Ans. is ‘c’ i.e., Morton
Ether (Diethyl ether)
- Morton, a dentist and medical student at Boston, after experimenting on animals, gave a demonstration of ether anaesthesia, in 1846.
- It is highly volatile liquid, produces irritating vapours which are highly inflammable and explosive cautery should not be used.
- It is a potent anaesthetic with good analgesic and muscle relaxant property Ether has maximum muscle relaxant property among anaesthetics.
- It is highly soluble in blood→induction is prolonged and unpleasant with marked postoperative nausea and vomiting.
- BP and respiration are well maintained because of reflex stimulation and high sympathetic tone. o It can cause hyperglycemia→ Contraindicated in diabetic.
- It is very cheap and relatively safe even in inexperienced hands.