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FORAMENS OF SKULL

SKULL:

The human skull has numerous holes (foramina) through which cranial nerves, arteries, veins and other structures pass.

Nasopalatine nerve

Rami nasales posteriores superiores (V2)

Bone	Cranial fossa	Foramina	Vessels	Nerves
Frontal	–	Supraorbital foramen	Supraorbital artery, supraorbital vein	Supraorbital nerve
Frontal	Anterior cranial fossa	Foramen cecum	Emissary veins to superior sagittal sinus from the upper part of the nose
Ethmoid	Anterior cranial fossa (osama)	Foramina of cribriform plate	–	Olfactory nerve bundles (I)
Ethmoid	Anterior cranial fossa	Anterior ethmoidal foramen	Anterior ethmoidal artery Anterior ethmoidal vein	Anterior ethmoidal nerve
Ethmoid	Anterior cranial fossa	Posterior ethmoidal foramen	Posterior ethmoidal artery Posterior ethmoidal vein	Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Sphenoid	–	Optic canal(lesser wing of sphenoid)	Ophthalmic artery	Optic nerve (II)
Sphenoid	Middle cranial fossa	Superior orbital fissure(greater & lesser wing of sphenoid)	Superior ophthalmic vein	Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (V₁) Abducent nerve (VI)
Sphenoid	Middle cranial fossa	Foramen rotundum	–	Maxillary nerve (V₂)
Maxilla Mandible	–	Incisive foramen/incisive canal Mandibular foramen	Terminal branch of palatine descendens artery Inferior alveolar nerve and artery	Terminal part of nasopalatine nerve (V2)
Palatine	–	Greater palatine foramen	Greater palatine artery Greater palatine vein	Greater palatine nerve
Palatine and sphenoid	–	Foramen sphenopalatinum	Sphenopalatina artery Sphenopalatina vein
Palatine and maxilla	–	Lesser palatine foramina	Lesser palatine artery Lesser palatine vein	Lesser palatine nerve, greater palatine nerve
Sphenoid and maxilla	–	Inferior orbital fissure	Inferior ophthalmic veins Infraorbital artery Infraorbital vein, tributary of pterygoid plexus	Zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve of maxillary nerve (V₂) Orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion
Maxilla	–	Infraorbital foramen	Infraorbital artery Infraorbital vein, tributary of pterygoid plexus	Infraorbital nerve
Sphenoid	Middle cranial fossa	Foramen ovale	Accessory meningeal artery emissary vein connecting cavernous sinus with pterygoid plexus	Mandibular nerve (V₃) Lesser petrosal nerve (occasionally)
Sphenoid	Middle cranial fossa	Foramen spinosum	Middle meningeal artery & vein Emissary vein	Nerve spinosus (Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve )
Sphenoid	Middle cranial fossa	Foramen lacerum	Artery of pterygoid canal Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery Occipital artery & emissary vein	Nerve of pterygoid canal through its anterior wall.
Temporal	Posterior cranial fossa	Internal auditory (acoustic) meatus	Labyrinthine artery	Facial nerve (VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Nervus intermedius of Wrisberg
Temporal	Posterior cranial fossa	Jugular foramen	Internal jugular vein inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus Occipital artery	Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) vagus nerve (X) accessory nerve (XI)
Occipital	Posterior cranial fossa	Hypoglossal canal (Anterior condylar canal)	Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery	Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Occipital	Posterior cranial fossa	Foramen magnum	Anterior and posterior spinal arteries vertebral arteries	Lowest part of medulla oblongata three meninges (dura, arachnoid & piamater) ascending spinal fibers of accessory nerve (XI)
Temporal	Posterior cranial fossa	Stylomastoid foramen	Stylomastoid artery	Facial nerve (VII)

Exam Important

Superior orbital fissure is formed by Greater wing of sphenoid and lesser wing of sphenoid.

Optic canal is a part of lesser wing of sphenoid.

Vertical crest in fundus of the internal carotid artery os known as Bill’s bar.

Gland derived from foramen caecum is Thyroid.

Foramen transversarium transmit Vertebral artery.

STRUCTURES PASSING THROIGH FORAMINA
FORAMEN MAGNUM	Ant. Part: Apical ligament of dens, membrane tectoria, vertical band of cruciate ligament. Post. Part: Lowest part of medulla oblongata, 3 meninges (dura, arachnoid & pia mater) Subarachnoid space: spinal fibers of accessory nerve (XI), vertebral artery, Lowest part of medulla oblongata
FORAMEN OVALE	Mandibular nerce Accessory meningeal artery MALE Lesser petrosal nerve Emissary vein
FORAMEN SPINOSUM	Middle meningeal artery Emissary vein MEN Nerve spinosus
FORAMEN LACERUM	Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery Nerve of pterygoid canal through its anterior wall.
FORAMEN ROTUNDUM	Maxillary nerve (V₂)
STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN	Facial nerve (VII)
JUGULAR FORAMEN	Ant. Part: Inferior petrosal sinus Middle part: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) Posterior part: Internal jugular vein, sigmoid sinus, Occipital artery
GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN	Greater palatine artery Greater palatine vein Anterior palatine nerves
LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN	Lesser palatine nerve, greater palatine nerve
INCISIVE FORAMEN	Terminal part of nasopalatine nerve (V2) Greater palatine vessels
MASTOID FORAMEN	Meningeal branch of occipital artery, emissary vein
SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN	Supraorbital artery & nerve, frontal diploic vein
INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN	Infraorbital nerve & vessels
MENTAL FORAMEN	Mental Nerves and Vessels
FORAMEN OF WINSLOW	IVC
FORAMEN CECUM	Emissary veins to superior sagittal sinus from the upper part of the nose
FORAMEN OF VESALIUS (Emissary sphenoidal foramen)	Emissary vein connecting cavernous sinus with pterygoid venous plexus

STRUCTURES PASSING THROIGH FORAMINA OF SKULL
CAROTID CANAL	Internal carotid artery with sympathetic plexus around it Emissary vein (connecting cavernous sinus with IJV)
PTERYGOID CANAL	Vidian nerve Vidian artery
HYPOGLOSAL CANAL (Anterior condylar canal)	Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
POSTERIOR CONDYLAR CANAL	Emissary vein (connecting sigmoid sinus with suboccipital vein)
MASTOID CANALICULUS	Auricular branch of vagus nerve (entry) Alderman’s nerve or Arnold’s nerve
TYMPANOMASTOID FISSURE	Auricular branch of vagus nerve (exit)
TYMPANIC CANALICULUS	Tympanic branch of Glossopharyngeal nerve (Jacobson nerve)
OPTIC CANAL (Foramen)	Ophthalmic artery Optic nerve (II)
SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE	Divided into 3 parts by common tendinous ring of Zinn: – Middle part- Upper & lower division of oculomotor nerve, nasociliary nerve, Abducent nerve – Lateral part– Trochlear nerve, frontal nerve & Lacrimal nerve, Superior ophthalmic vein – Medial part: Inferior ophthalmic vein, sympathetic nerves around ICA
INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE	Zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve of maxillary nerve (V₂)
ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL CANAL	Anterior ethmoidal nerve & vessels
POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL CANAL	Posterior ethmoidal nerve & vessels
INTERNAL AUDITORY (Acoustic) MEATUS	Facial nerve (VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Nervus intermedius of Wrisberg

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FORAMENS OF SKULL