HORMONAL CHANGES AT PUBERTY

Ans. is. A. Secretory function on endometrium

[REF: Ganong’s 22^ed chapter 23]

Ans. is. A. Testosterone

[REF: Ganong’s 22^nd ed p. 430]

Secondary sexual hair production in both man and woman is under control of androgens

Estrogen makes the mucus much thinner and more alkaline, changes that promote the survival and transport of sperm.

Progesterone makes it thick, tenacious, and cellular.

The mucus is thinnest at the time of ovulation, and its elasticity, or spinnbarkeit, increases so that by midcycle a drop can be stretched into a long, thin thread that may be 8–12 cm or more in length.

The breast tissue is responsive to hormones. Estrogen is primarily produced by the ovary and is important for the increased size of the breast during puberty and again in pregnancy, when estrogen is produced by the placenta. Estrogen promotes fat deposition and growth of both stroma and the duct system of the breast. Progesterone, also produced by the ovary, stimulates growth of the lobules and acini.

B i.e. Estrogen

Growth spurt at puberty occurs because of androgen & estrogens, but estrogen ultimately terminate growth by causing the epiphyses to fuse to the long bones (epiphysial closure). Once the epiphyses have closed, linear growth ceases.

Patient with sexual precocity are apt to be dwarfed. On the other hand men who were castrated before puberty tend to be tall because their estrogen production is decreased & their epiph^ysis remain open.

These observation suggest that estrogen, rather than androgen, are responsible for bone maturation that ultimately leads to epiphyseal fusion and cessation of growthQ.

Ans. is ‘c’ i.e., Testosterone

Pubarche or development of axillary and pubic hair is due to testosterone (in both the sexes).

Puberty in females :

• Involves the beginning of menstrual cycles (menarche), breast development (thelarche), and an increase in adrenal androgen secretion (adrenarche).
• Estradiol induces the development of secondary sex characteristics, including the breasts and reproductive tract, and increased fat in the hips.
• Estrogens also regulate the growth spurt at puberty,vaginal cornification and cervical mucus production, induce closure of the epiphyses, have a positive effect in maintaining bone formation, and can antagonize the degrading actions of parathyroid hormone on bone.

Ans. is ‘c’ i.e., Increased progesterone

Puberty is triggered by a release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from pituitary gland.

These hormones act as signals to the gonads (testes/ovaries) that trigger the production of –

i) Estrogen, progesterone and some testosterone in women.

ii) Testosterone in men.

Leptin facilitates release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), thereby helping in pubertal onset.

Ans. c. Pulsatile release of GnRH during sleep

uAfier a decade of quiescence, pakatile secretion of GnRH increases and the hTpothalamic-pitaitary gonadal axis is reactivated
(gonadarche), probably in response to metabolic signals from the periphery. FSH and LH levels rise moderutely before age 10,
foltowed by a gradaal increase in estradiol concentrdtions, which stimulate breast development (thelarehe). The incrcase in
pulsatile gonadotrophin secretion occurs first at night, during sleep, but gradually extends throughout the day

Ans. is ‘c’ i.e., Testosterone

Predisposing factors for Acne vulgaris

• Genetic factors
• Hormones -4 Androgens, glucocorticoids.
• Psychological stress and depression.
• Environmental factors High temperature & humidity.
• Cosmetics -3 Containing lenolin, petroleum, vegetable oils.
• Infection –> Propionibacterium, Pityrosporum, Staph. epidermidis.
• Menstural cycle -4 Premenstural aggravation.
• Hyperkeratosis of pilosebaceous ostia.
• Drugs Antepileptics (Carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbitone), antitubercular (INH, rifampin, ethionamide), antidepressants, cyclosporine, Vitamin B₁₂.Cough syrups containing halogens (Iodides, bromides).