Human and Cow milk
BREAST MILK:
- Human milk gives 67 kcal per 100 ml .
- Protein forms 8-10% of total energy.
- Carbohydrate forms 3 8-40% of total energy.
- Fat forms 50-52% of total energy.
- Breast milk protein is a reference protein.
- Vitamin K is absent in breast milk.
- Milk is a poor source of Vitamin C.
- Vitamin not present in breast milk is Vitamin B.
- According to WHO, exclusive breast milk is given upto 6 months.
- Fat content of milk: Buffalo > Goat > Cow > Human
- Protein content of milk: Buffalo > Goat > Cow > Human
- Lactose content of milk: Human > Buffalo > Goat > Cow
- Energy content of milk: Buffalo > Goat > Cow > Human.
- Protein content in F-75 milk formula is 0.9 gm/100 ml.
- Average daily breast milk output during first 6 months is 500-600 ml
- Breast milk is maximum at 5-6 months of lactation —> 730 ml/day
- Minimum at 37-38 months of lactation —> 345 ml/day..
- The coefficient of uptake of iron in breast milk is 70%.
- Calcium absorption of human milk is better that that of cow’s milk.
- The milk of human contains the least amount of calcium.
- Breast milk can rarely transmit → 1) HTLV – type 1 ,2) Rubella virus ,3)HBV , 4) HSV.
- Premature milk contains less lactose in comparison to term milk.
- Clonazepam antiepileptic drug is least secreted in breast milk.
COMPOSITION:
- Colostrum:
- Milk secreted during initial 3-4 days after delivery.
- Yellow and thick.
- Contains more antibodies, and increased amounts of vitamins A, D, E, K
- Transitional milk:
- Milk secreted after 3-4days and until 2 weeks.
- Immunoglobulin and protein content decreases white fat and sugar content increases
- Mature milk:
- Follows transitional milk.
- Thin and watery but contains all nutrients
- Preterm milk:
- More proteins, sodium, immunoglobulins and calories
- Foremilk:
- Milk secreted at the start of a feed.
- Watery (satisfies baby’s thirst) and rich in proteins, sugar,Vitamins and minerals
- Hind milk:
- Comes towards the end of a feed.
- Rich in fat, provides more energy and satisfies baby’s hunger
COMPONENTS:
- Antibodies secretory IgA, IgM
- Lysozyme
- Antistaphylococcal factor
- Specific inhibitory substances against viral infections.
- Lactoferrin → Inhibits growth of E. coli.
- Bile stimulated lipase → kills entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia.
- Bifidus factor -4 Inhibits growth of E. coli
- Para-amino-benzoic acid (PABA) – Provides protection against malaria
- Phagocytic macrophages and lymphoid cells
|
Nutrient |
Content / 100 ml |
|
Macronutrients |
|
|
Calories |
67 kcal |
|
Proteins |
1.1 g |
|
Fat |
3.5 g |
|
Lactose |
7.0 g |
|
Minerals / Micronutrients |
|
|
Sodium |
0.9 mEq |
|
Potassium |
1.4 mEq |
|
Calcium |
35 mg |
|
Phosphorus |
15 mg |
|
Iron |
0.3-0.9 mg |
|
Zinc |
120 g Vitamins |
|
Vitamin A |
60 g |
|
Vitamin C |
5.2 mg |
COLOSTRUM:
- Compared with mature milk, colostrum contains more minerals, amino acids, protein, much of which is globulin, but less sugar and fat.
- Host resistance factors found in colostrum and milk :
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- Complement,
- Macrophages,
- Lymphocytes,
- Lactoferrin,
- Lactoperoxidase,
- Lysozymes.
- Fatty acid found exclusively in breast milk is Docosahexanoic acid.
- Para amino benzoic acid of breast milk prevent the infection of Plasmodium Vivax.
STORAGE:
- Can be stored at room temperature → For 8-10 hours
- In a refrigerator→ For 24 hours
- In a freezer →-20°c for 3 months.
BENEFITS:
- Superior nutrition
- Lower risk of infection
- Protection from allergy (atopy)
- Emotional bonding
- Others
- Breast feeding lowers the risk of ovarian and breast cancer in mother.
- Breastfed babies have a higher IQ and have less chances of developing hypertension, obesity, coronary artery disease and diabetes in their adulthood.
- The other diseases which are less common in breastfed babies include inflammatory bowel disease, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, necrotizing enterocolitis and sudden infant death syndrome.
INADEQUATE BREAST FEEDING:
- In a neonate weight loss is more than 8-10%.
- Other signs:
- Less than six noticeably wet diapers per 24 h by day 3–4
- Less than four stools per day by day 3–4
- Nursing less than eight times per 24 h.
COW MILK:
- Whey protein constitutes 80% of the protein in human milk, while the main protein in cow’s milk is casein.
- Has more K+ and Na’ than infant formula feeds.
- Has more protein than breast milk.
- Compared with Cow’s milk, mothers milk has more lactose.
- Human milk has less fat, less protein, more carbohydrates and less calcium, in comparison to cow milk .
- Cow’s milk contains 3.2 % proteins.
- Percentage of lactose in human milk is 7.0 gm.
- Calcium in human milk is 35 mg/dl
- Hind milk is richer in fat.
Exam Important
- Signs of inadequate breast milk intake in a neonate are Less than six noticeably wet diapers per 24 h by day 3–4, Less than four stools per day by day 3–4 & Nursing less than eight times per 24 h
- The protective effects of breast milk are known to be associated with IgA antibodies
- Colostrum contains more protein and less fat than normal milk and are rich in IgA
- Under normal conditions breast milk production reaches a maximum when the baby is around 4 – 6 months.
- Colostrum contains Protein, Minerals & Immunoglobulins
- Most common immunoglobulin secreted by mother in milk and colostrum is IgA
- Docosahexanoic acid is found exclusively in breast milk
- Benifits of breast milk are Better nutrition & less infection
- Cow milk has less carbohydrate than mothers milk, more K+ and Na’ than infant formula feeds & more protein than breast milk
- Lactose in human milk is 7.2gm
- Compared with Cow’s milk, mothers milk has more lactose
- Hind milk is richer in fat
- Breast milk storage in a refrigerator is upto 24 hrs
- Breast milk at room temperature stored for 8hrs
- Para amino benzoic acid of breast milk prevent the infection of Plasmodium vivax
- After premature delivery, mother’s milk is low in lactose
- Lactose content of breast milk per 100 ml is 7 gm
- The coefficient of uptake of iron in breast milk is 70%
- Calcium absorption of human milk is better that that of cow’s milk
- Calcium in human milk is 35 mg/dl
- Vit K is absent in breast milk
- Colostrum is rich in the Protein constituents as compared to breast milk
- According to WHO, exclusive breast milk is given upto 6 months
- Buffalo, Goat, Cow, Human shows decreased fat content
- Milk is a poor source of Vitamin C
- Donor Breast milk is known to transmit Tuberculosis, CMV & HIV
- Protein content in F-75 milk formula 0.9 gm per 100 ml
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