HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION

• Hyperemia & congestion refuse to increase in blood volume with a tissue.
• Active hyperaemia occurs from arteriolar dilation & increased blood flow (exercise & inflammation)
• Hyperemia is an active process & tissues are red.
• Passive hyperaemia or venous congestion is impaired venous drainage.
• It is- Local & systemic
• Tissue s blue- red (cyanosis)
• Congestion can be- Acute & Chronic 

Morphology of CVC organs-

1. CVC lung-

• Seen in left heart failure.
• Alveoli contains hemosiderin laden macrophages (heart failure cells)

2. CVC liver-

• Seen in right heart failure.
• Central section shows characteristics nutmeg appearance.
• The changes are more seen in Centrilobular zone.
• It has dilated blood vessels.

3. CVC spleen-

• Seen in right heart failure & cirrhosis of liver.
• Red pulp enlarged.
• Hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial cells.
• Gamna gandy bodies are seen.

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