Question
Which of the following constitute differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia?
- Hypomagnesemia
- Chronic alcoholism
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Paget’s disease
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
| A. |
1, 2, and 3
|
| B. |
1 and 2 only
|
| C. |
3 and 4 only
|
| D. |
2, 3, and 4
|
Show Answer
|
Correct Answer � A
Explanation
|
|
-
Hypomagnesemia:
- Correct. Hypomagnesemia can impair PTH secretion and action, leading to functional hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia.
-
Chronic alcoholism:
- Correct. Alcoholism can cause hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, and malnutrition, all of which contribute to hypocalcemia.
-
Pseudohypoparathyroidism:
- Correct. This is a condition of PTH resistance in target tissues, leading to hypocalcemia despite normal or elevated PTH levels.
-
Paget’s disease:
- Incorrect. Paget’s disease is characterized by abnormal bone remodeling and does not typically cause hypocalcemia.
Hypoglycemia Risk by Drug Class:
- High risk: Insulin, sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride).
- Moderate risk: Meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide).
- Low risk: DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin), GLP-1 agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, metformin.
Causes of Hypocalcemia:
- Hypoparathyroidism: Post-surgical, autoimmune, or genetic.
- Vitamin D deficiency: Nutritional or malabsorption.
- Hypomagnesemia: Interferes with PTH secretion/action.
- Renal failure: Reduces active vitamin D and calcium absorption.
