Question
Which of the following are the non-metastatic extra-pulmonary manifestations of lung cancer?
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Horner’s syndrome
- Lambert-Eaton syndrome
| A. |
1, 2 and 3
|
| B. |
1, 2 and 4
|
| C. |
1, 3 and 4
|
| D. |
2, 3 and 4
|
Show Answer
|
Correct Answer » B
Explanation
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|
Non-metastatic extrapulmonary manifestations of lung cancer are paraneoplastic syndromes, which occur due to hormone production, immune-mediated mechanisms, or other tumor-related factors, without direct tumor spread or metastasis.
The following are recognized paraneoplastic manifestations:
- Carcinoid syndrome – Seen with bronchial carcinoid tumors due to secretion of serotonin and other vasoactive substances.
- Nephrotic syndrome – A rare paraneoplastic manifestation, usually due to immune-mediated glomerular disease (e.g., membranous nephropathy).
- Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) – A classic paraneoplastic neurological syndrome, most commonly associated with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC).
Why Other Options Are Incorrect
1. Carcinoid Syndrome
- Correct.
- A paraneoplastic/endocrine manifestation caused by secretion of serotonin and related substances.
2. Nephrotic Syndrome
- Correct.
- An uncommon paraneoplastic manifestation resulting from immune-mediated glomerular injury.
3. Horner’s Syndrome
- Incorrect.
- Horner’s syndrome results from direct local invasion of the cervical sympathetic chain, classically by a Pancoast (superior sulcus) tumor.
- It is not a non-metastatic extrapulmonary (paraneoplastic) manifestation.
4. Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
- Correct.
- An autoimmune paraneoplastic syndrome caused by antibodies against presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels.
- Strongly associated with small cell lung carcinoma.
