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Yes, each question is accompanied by an explanatory note that clarifies the concept behind the answer and references relevant sources.

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PHARYNGEAL/ BRACHIAL ARCH DERIVATIVES

PHARYNGEAL/ BRACHIAL ARCH DERIVATIVES- Ectodermal, Endodermal and Mesodermal derivatives of pharyngeal arches

Each pharyngeal arch has 3 parts:

– ectodermal cleft (pharyngeal cleft) from ectoderm

– mesodermal element (mesenchyme)

– endodermal pouch (pharyngeal pouch) from endoderm.

Hence structures derived from pharyngeal arches can be divided into:-

– Ectodermal derivatives: From ectodermal cleft.

– Endodermal derivatives: From endodermal pouch.

– Mesodermal derivatives: From mesenchyme.

ECTODERMAL AND ENDODERMAL DERIVATIVES OF PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

ARCH	ECTODERMAL CLEFT	ENDODERMAL POUCH
I	Epithelium of external auditory meatus, ear drum, Pinna	Ventral-tongue Dorsal- tubotympanic recess—proximal part forms the auditory tube and the distal part forms the middle ear cavity and tympanic antrum.
II	2^nd arch grows over and	Palatine tonsil
III	Covers the 2^nd , 3^rd and 4^th clefts	Thymus Inferior parathyroids
IV		Thyroid gland (from thyroglossal duct at foramen caecum) Superior parathyroids
V		Ultimobronchial body which form parafollicular C cells of thyroid

MESODERMAL DERIVATIVES OF PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

The mesenchyme of each pharyngeal arch forms following components:

– Skeletal component

– Muscular components

– Arterial component

– Nerve supply

Pharyngeal arch	Muscular contributions	Skeletal contributions	Nerve	Artery
Ist (also called “mandibular arch”)	Mylohyoid Muscles of mastication Anterior belly of digastric Tensor veli palatine Tensor tympani	Maxilla Zygomatic bone part of temporal and vomer, sphenoid, mandible Meckel’s cartilage:- Malleus, incus Anterior ligament of malleus sphenomandibular ligament	Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve (V3).	Maxillary artery
IInd (also called the “hyoid arch”)	Stapedius Stylohyoid Posterior belly of digastric Facial expression muscles	Reichert’s cartilage, stapes (except footplate) Styloid process Stylohyoid ligament Smaller cornu of hyoid Superior part of body of hyoid	Facial	Stapedial artery
IIIrd	Stylopharyngeus	Greater cornu of hyoid Lower part of body of hyoid	Glossopharyngeal	Carotid (common carotid/ internal carotid)
IVth	Pharyngeal muscles Cricothyroid	Cartilage of larynx except arytenoids superior parathyroids, epiglottic cartilage	Superior laryngeal branch of Vagus	Left-arch of Aorta Right-subclavian artery
VIth	Intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid)	Arytenoid cartilages of larynx	Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)	Left-Left Pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus Right- Right pulmonary artery

Exam Important

Skeletal derivative of 2nd pharyngeal arch –

– Reichert’s cartilage, stapes (except footplate)

– Styloid process

– Stylohyoid ligament

– Smaller cornu of hyoid

– Superior part of body of hyoid

Pharyngeal muscles are derived from IV pharyngeal arch.

Musculature of first pharyngeal arch is supplied by Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve (V3).

Cartilage of IInd pharyngeal arch is known as Reichert’s cartilage.

Reichert’s cartilage derivative is Stapes (except footplate).

Footplate of stapes develops from Otic capsule.

The stapes is embryologically derived from 2nd pharyngeal arch .

IVth pharyngeal arch develops into epiglottis .

Mandible is derived from Meckel’s cartilage.

Palatine tonsil develops from second pharyngeal pouch.

Nerve of 6th arch- Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch oh Vagus).

Thymus develops from 3rd pharyngeal pouch.

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PHARYNGEAL/ BRACHIAL ARCH DERIVATIVES