Complications of Intrauterine growth restriction 1. Oligohydramnios • Less space for fetus leading to cord compression • Umbilical artery & vein gets compressed • Fetal distress & fetus will pass meconium • Fetal swallows meconium with amniotic fluid 2. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome 3. Low birth weight 4. Fetal distress/ hypoxia 5. Still birth →In Neonates […]
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Complete abortion →Patient C/o initial bleeding and pain and product of conception comes, then bleeding → P/A or P/V- Size of uterus is less than period of gestation. → Internal OS -Closed → Diagnosis- USG-empty uterus
Cochlea Cochlea is a part of inner ear with 2 membranes & 3 parts Entire structure is explained diagrammatically.
Classification of receptors-Based on location Receptors on cells are classified based on their location into: Extracellular / Cell membrane Receptors: • G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) • Tyrosine Kinase Receptor • Janus Kinase Receptor (JAK-STAT) Intracellular Receptors: • Cytoplasmic Receptors • Nuclear receptors
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Classification of receptors-Based on adaptation The receptors of cells are divided into the following based on adaptation: 1. Rapidly Adapting Receptors (RAR’s) o Adapts quickly to stimulus o Ex: Corpuscles – Meissner’s & Pacinian Corpuscles 2. Slowly Adapting Receptors (SAR’s) o Adapts slowly to stimulus o Ex: Merkel’s Cells, Ruffini’s endings, Free nerve endings.
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Classification of hormones-Based on chemical structure The hormones are classified into the following based on chemical structure 1. Amino Acid Derivative • SINGLE amino acid • TYROSINE = (T3, T4) & Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine) • TRYPTOPHAN -5-HT (Serotonin) & Melatonin • ARGININE (Nitric Oxide) 2. Protein / Peptide MULTIPLE amino acid Acts
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Chronic hypertension in pregnancy v/s pregnancy induced hypertension Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy Pregnancy Induced Hypertension Means a hypertensive female has conceived Normotensive patient conceived & due to placental pathology @20 weeks, her BP ↑ Past H/O hypertension present No past H/O hypertension ↑ in B/P will be seen before 20 weeks ↑ in BP is
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Chronic Hypertension with superimposed pre-eclampsia → In a pregnant Chronic HT Female if at 20 weeks: – BP suddenly becomes incontrollable/New onset proteinuria/Signs of end organ damage are +nt v
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Cervical Incompetence-Management Cervical incompetence managed by using cerclage procedures. The 3 types of cerclage that are used are: 1. McDonald’s Cerclage (M/C) 2. Shirodkar Cerclage 3. Abdominal Cerclage -Benson & Durfee Cerclage
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Cervical Incompetence-Diagnosis Diagnosis in non-pregnant female: 1. History: – → RPL → Only 2nd trimester loss →Painless dilatation of cervix → As the no. of pregnancy loss ↑ POG at which loss occurs↓ 2. Hegar dilator no. 8 can pass through Internal Os without Pt. resistance. 3. On hystero cervicography- Funnel Shape • In hysterocervicography
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