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Correct Answer » D
Explanation
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Ans:D. Squamous Cell carcinoma
Image shows:Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. A, Squamous cell carcinoma most frequently is found in the midesophagus, where it commonly causes strictures. B, Squamous cell carcinoma composed of nests of malignant cells that partially recapitulate the stratified organization of squamous epithelium.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus
- Risk factors include alcohol and tobacco use, poverty, caustic esophageal injury, achalasia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, frequent consumption of very hot beverages, and previous radiation therapy to the mediastinum.
- It is nearly 6 times more common in African Americans than in whites.
MORPHOLOGY:
- In contrast to the distal location of most adenocarcinomas, half of squamous cell carcinomas occur in the middle third of the esophagus .
- Squamous cell carcinoma begins as an in situ lesion in the form of squamous dysplasia.
- Early lesions appear as small, gray-white plaque like thickenings.
- Over months to years they grow into tumor masses that may be polypoid and protrude into and obstruct the lumen.
- Other tumors are either ulcerated or diffusely infiltrative lesions that spread within the esophageal wall, where they cause thickening, rigidity, and luminal narrowing.
- These cancers may invade surrounding structures including the respiratory tree, causing pneumonia; the aorta, causing catastrophic exsanguination; or the mediastinum and pericardium.
