Factors affecting enzyme activity Factors affecting enzyme activity Introduction: Enzyme activity can be affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, pH, and concentration. Decrease in activation energy leads to an increase in enzyme activity. Enzymes work best within specific temperature and pH ranges, and sub-optimal conditions can cause an enzyme to lose its ability […]
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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) RNA Polymerase (RNAP) RNA polymerase (ribonucleic acid polymerase), both abbreviated RNAP or RNApol, official name DNA-directed RNA polymerase, is a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life. RNAP locally opens the double-stranded DNA (usually about four turns of the double helix) so that one strand of the exposed nucleotides can be used as a template for the synthesis of RNA,
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POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION OF RNA The primary transcripts of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic tRNA and rRNA are post-transcriptionally modified by cleavage of the original transcripts by ribonucleases. In Prokaryotes mRNA are is not subjected to post-transcriptional processing. In eukaryotes, The collection of all the primary transcripts synthesized in the nucleus by RNA polymerase II is known as heterogeneous nuclear
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Disorders of heme biosynthesis Disorders of heme biosynthesis porphyrias are a group of inborn errors (or occasionally acquired) defects of heme biosynthesis. This results in in the accumulation and increased excre-tion of porphyrins or porphyrin precursors. The mutations that cause the porphyrias are heterogenous. Each porphyria results in the accumulation of a unique pattern of intermediates caused
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xenobiotics A xenobiotic is a compound that is foreign to the body may be accidentally ingested or taken as drugs or compounds produced in the body by bacterial metabolism (Greek, xenos = strange). They are metabolized, a process called biotransformation(detoxification). Metabolism of xenobiotics in two phases (phase I and phase II). The cytochrome P450 enzymes are
RNA editing RNA editing RNA editing is a process through which the nucleotide sequence specified in the genomic template is modified to produce a different nucleotide sequence in the transcript. Even after mRNA has been fully processed, it may undergo additional posttranscriptional modification in which a base in the mRNA is altered. This is known as
Transport of Bilirubin Transport of Bilirubin Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), the principal mammalian bile pigment, is the end intravascular product of heme catabolism. Bilirubin is toxic to tissues; therefore, it is transported in the blood bound to albumin. Bilirubin in the bloodstream is usually in a free, or unconjugated, state. Bilirubin leaves the site of production in the reticuloendothelial system and
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HYPERBILIRUBINEMIAS HYPERBILIRUBINEMIAS Depending on the nature of the bilirubin elevated, the condition may be grouped into:- → conjugated or Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. A → Congenital Hyperbilirubinemias They result from abnormal uptake, conjugation or excretion of bilirubin due to inherited defects such as Crigler-Najjar Syndrome The defect is due to conjugation, there is severe deficiency of UDP
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POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) Karry Mullis invented this ingenious method in 1989, & awarded Nobel prize in 1993. millions of copies of a particular sequence of DNA can be produced within a few hours. PCR is a method of enzymatic amplification of a target sequence of DNA. It is sensitive, selective (specific) and
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HEPATORENAL SYNDROME HEPATORENAL SYNDROME HRS is development of acute renal failure due to severe hepatic (advanced cirrhosis) or bilary disease with jaundice. Low cardiac putput and high plasma rennin predicts development of HRS. Patient develops oliguria, azotaemia and hyponatraemia. ETIOLOGY- Bile salt sludging in the tubules Absorption of toxins Increase ADH release Hypoperfusion and renal
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