Coenzymes
- Coenzyme derived from water soluble vitamins.
- Coenzymes function as-
- Co- substrates- In a group transfer reaction coenzyme acts either a donar or acceptor. Most common mechanism of coenzymes.
- Prosthetic groups- coenzyme covalently bound to enzyme.
Classification of Coenzyme–
a. For transfer groups other than hydrogen-
|
Vitamin |
Coenzyme |
Function as Coenyme
|
Entity transferred |
|
Riboflavin (Vit B2) |
FAD, FMN |
Oxidation & reduction reaction |
Hydrogen atoms |
|
Niacin |
NAD+, NADH+ |
Oxidation & reduction rxn |
Hydride ion |
|
Pyridoxin (Vit B6) |
Pyridoxial phosphate (PLP) |
Decarboxylation of amino acids |
Amino group |
|
Folic acid |
Tetrahydrofolate |
Carrier of one carbon group |
One carbon group |
|
Pentothenic acid |
Coenzyme A |
Acyl carrier |
Acyl group |
|
Cyanocobalamine |
Methylcobalamine &Deoxyadenosylcobalamine |
Transfer of H2 group & isomerization |
Alkyl group or hydrogen atom |
b. For transfer of hydrogen- Lippoic acid
Metalloenzymes (Cofactors)-
|
Metal |
Metalloenzymes |
|
Copper (Cu+2/Cu+) |
Cytochrome oxidase, Lysyl oxidase, ceruloplasmin |
|
Iron (Fe+2/Fe+) |
Xanthine oxidase |
|
Zinc (Zn+2) |
Carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, carboxypeptidase, glutamate dehrdogenase, lactate dehdrogenase, superoxide dismutase |
|
Magnesium (Mg+2) |
Phosphatases, kinase, glutathione synthase |
|
Selenium |
Glutathione peroxidise |
|
Molybdenum |
Xanthine oxidase, sulphite oxidase |
- Co- substrates- In a group transfer reaction coenzyme acts either a donar or acceptor. Most common mechanism of coenzymes.
- Non protein- chemical components are organic molecules(coenzyme)
- Classification of coenzymes-For transfer of hydrogen- Lippoic acid
- Zinc- carbonic anhydrase, Alcohol dehydrogenase
-
Metalloenzymes (Cofactors)-
Metal
Metalloenzymes
Copper (Cu+2/Cu+)
Cytochrome oxidase, Lysyl oxidase, ceruloplasmin
Iron (Fe+2/Fe+)
Xanthine oxidase
Zinc (Zn+2)
Carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, carboxypeptidase, glutamate dehrdogenase, lactate dehdrogenase, superoxide dismutase
Magnesium (Mg+2)
Phosphatases, kinase, glutathione synthase
Selenium
Glutathione peroxidise
Molybdenum
Xanthine oxidase, sulphite oxidase
-
Vitamin
Coenzyme
Function as Coenyme
Entity transferred
Riboflavin (Vit B2)
FAD, FMN
Oxidation & reduction reaction
Hydrogen atoms
Niacin
NAD+, NADH+
Oxidation & reduction rxn
Hydride ion Coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase- NADPH
7. Coenzyme for Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase- NADP
8. Coenzyme for malate dehydrogenase- NAD+
9. Coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase- NADPH



