Mortality rates

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO

MMR is calculated by
Total number of female deaths due to complications of Pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of delivery from puerperal causes in an area during a given year X 1000 (or 100,000)
Total no. of live births in the same area and year.
Maternal mortality rate: No. of maternal deaths in a given period per 100,000 women of reproductive age during the same time period.

STILL BIRTH RATE

PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE

Late foetal deaths (1. 28 weeks) + early neonatal deaths (1st week) in one year X 1000
Live births + late foetal deaths in the same year.

NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE:

Number of deaths of children under 28 days of age in a year x 100
Total live births in the same year.
The value for Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births) in India was 27.70 as of 2015.

POST NEONATAL MORTALITY RATIO

Number of deaths of children between 28 days and one year of age in a given year X 1000
Total live births in the same year.

INFANT MORTALITY RATE

The ratio of infant (< 1 year) deaths registered in a given year to the total number of live births registered in the
same year usually expressed as a rate per 1000 live births
Number of deaths of children < 1 year of age in a year X 1000
Number of live births in the same year.
The value for Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) in India was 37.90 as of 2015.

1- 4 YEAR MORTALITY RATE or CHILD DEATH RATE

More refined indicator of the social situation than IMR
Reflects the adverse environmental health hazards (malnutrition, poor hygiene, infections, accidents)
No. of deaths of children aged 1-4 years during a year x 1000
Total no. of children aged 1-4 years at the middle of the year.

UNDER-5 MORTALITY RATE (CHILD MORTALITY RATE)

Child mortality rate (worldwide)
No. of deaths of children < 5 years in a given year x 1000
No. of live births in the same year
Child mortality rate (India)
No. of deaths of children < 5 years in a given year x 1000
No. of children < 5 years in the same year
The value for Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) in India was 47.70 as of 2015.

Exam Question

In a certain population, there were 4050 births in the last one year. There were 50 still births. 50 infants died within 7 days whereas 150 died within the first 28 days. Neonatal mortality rate is 50.
Perinatal conditions like low birth weight is the commonest cause of IMR (20%). It is followed by acute respiratory infection (19%), Diarrhoea (15%). Underlying malnutrition is present in 46% in India.
The socioeconomic status of community is best indicated by IMR.

Maternal mortality rate:

The numerator of the rate includes the total number of female deaths due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of delivery from puerperal causes in a particular area during a given year.
The denominator includes the total number of live births in a particular area during a particular year and not the number of stillbirths and abortions.

Perinatal Mortality rate includes: still borns and death within 7 days of birth.

A community has a population of 10,000 and a birth rate of 36 per 1000. 6 maternal deaths were reported in the current year. The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is 16.6.
The comparison of mortality rates between two countries requires the application of direct standardization. Age distribution parameters makes it necessary to have standardization.
A good indicator of the availability, utilization and effectiveness of health care services in a country is IMR.
The simplest measure of mortality is the crude death rate.
Proportional mortality rate is Number of death due to particular a cause.
Crude Mortality rate should be adjusted for age to allow comparisons.
Death rates of two countries are best compared by standardised mortality rate.
Age standardised death rate is used to compare the death rates of two different populations.
In a certain population, there were 4050 births in last one year. There were 50 still births. 50 infants died within 7 days where as 150 died within 28 days.Neoonatal mortality rate is 50.

Babies included for perinatal death statistics should have the following features :

birth weight above a minimum of 1000 gm.
If birth weight is not available a gestation period of at least 28 weeks
Where (a) and (b) are not available body length (crown-heel) at at last 35 cm . should be used.

Almost 3/5′ of infant mortality rate (IMR) occurs in neonatal period.
Almost 3/4′ of the under-five mortality occurs in the first year.
Neonatal mortality is higher among female children as compared to males.
Major cause of infant mortality rate in India is Immaturity.
You were posted at a PHC catering to a population of 1,20,000. In the year 2006, a total number of 2500 liver born babies were delivered. Number of children dying under one year of age during 2006 was 150. The infant mortality rate of this population is 60.
IMR is the best indicator to assess the impact of ASHA.

Numerators in ‘natal’ death

Perinatal death includes late foetal deaths (28 weeks of gestation and more) + early neonatal deaths (1st week)
Early neonatal death occurs between births to first 7 days of life
Late neonatal death occurs between 7th days of life till 28th day of life
Post-neonatal deaths occurs between 28th day of life till 1 year.
IMR = Number of deaths of children less than 1 year of age in a year X 1000/number of live births in the same year.
The maternal mortality rate is the number of maternal deaths due to childbearing per 100,000 live births.
The crude death rate is the total number of deaths per year per 1000 people
Infant Mortality Rate for Japan is 3.
Mortality rates are taken into account while calculating Net Reproduction Rate.
For international comparisons, perinatal mortality rate is calculated as late fetal deaths (28 weeks gestation or more) plus early neonatal deaths (first week) [weighing over 1 kg at birth] in a year per 1,000 live births [weighing over 1 kg at birth].
Least neonatal mortality is recorded in Kerala.
Proportional Mortality rate:It is defined as “number of deaths due to a particular cause (or in specific age group) per 100 total deaths”.
Best indicator for burden of disease is Proportional mortality rate.
Positive mortality indicator is Life Expectancy.
In MCH programme, best indicator for mother and child health is IMR.

Don’t Forget to Solve all the previous Year Question asked on Mortality rates

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