Kwashiorkor

Markedly retarded growth, psychomotor changes and edema of the dependant parts are the three essential clinical features of Kwashiorkor.

Ans. is ‘d’ i.e., Increased albumin

o Albumin level is low in kwashiorkor, which results in generalized edema.

o Other options are true regarding kwashiorkor.

Ans. is ‘b’ i.e., IgA

In malnourished subjects, secretory IgA is generally reduced. Therefore infections tend to be severe and recovery delayed.

Ans. is ‘d’ i.e., Alertness

o There is lethargy and listlessness (not alertness).

Ans. is ‘c’ i.e., Edema

Ans. A: Pitting Edema

Early signs of kwashiorkor present as general symptoms of malnutrition and include fatigue, irritability and lethargy. As protein deprivation continues the following abnormalities become apparent.

• Failure to thrive (failure to put on height and weight)
• Loss of muscle mass
• Pitting oedema- This is the main sign
• Large protuberant belly (pot belly)
• Fatty liver
• Failing immune system so prone to infections and increased severity of normally mild infections
• Skin and hair changes

Characteristic skin and hair changes occur in kwashiorkor and develop over a few days.

• Skin lesions are at first erythematous before turning purple and reddish-brown in colour with marked exfoliation (skin peeling and sloughing)
• Where the skin becomes dark and dry, it splits open when stretched to reveal pale areas between the cracks (“lacquered flaky paint”, “crazy pavement dermatosis”)
• Irregular or patchy discolouration of the skin caused by pigmentary changes
• Hair becomes dry and lustreless and may turn reddish yellow to white in colour. It becomes sparse and brittle and can be pulled out easily. A ‘flag sign is alternate bands of hypopigmented and normally pigmented hair pattern and is seen when growth of child occurs in spurts.
• Nail plates are thin and soft and may be fissured or ridged.