Movements of foot & ankle

The normal ranges of angles during infancy are given below:

Ref: Meharban Singh, Edition 3, Page 74

The subtalar joint, also known as the talocalcaneal joint is the articulation between the talus and the calcaneus. The primary joint surface is the posterior facet, with much smaller middle and anterior facets. The motion of this joint is inversion of approximately 30 degrees and eversion of approximately 10 degrees. The tibialis posterior causes inversion and the peroneus brevis eversion at the subtalar joint.

A i.e. Extensor digitorum longus; B i.e. Extensor hallucis longus; C i.e. Tibialis anterior

A. i.e. Plantans; B. i.e. FHL; C. i.e. Soleus

The talocalcaneonavicular and the calcaneocuboid joints are together referred to as the midtarsal or transverse tarsal joints. The important movements of inversion and eversion of the foot take place at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints. Inversion is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces medially.

Eversion is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in the lateral direction.

Inversion is performed by the tibialis anterior, the extensor hallucis longus, and the medial tendons of extensor digitorum longus; the tibialis posterior also assists.

Eversion is performed by the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and peroneus tertius; the lateral tendons of the extensor digitorum longus also assist.

Ankle joint’s active movements are dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Inferior Tibiofibular joint permits slight movements so that the lateral malleolus can rotate laterally during dorsiflexion of the ankle

Ans. is ‘c’ i.e., Inversion of foot