Causes of Intrauterine growth restriction Maternal Causes: • PIH • Placental insufficiency • Chronic renal disease • Heart disease (NYHA 3 & 4) • Connective tissue disorders • Infections • Diabetes with vasculopathy • Diabetes with PIH Placental Causes: • Placental insufficiency • Abnormal placentation • Calcification in placenta Fetal Causes: • Chromosomal abnormality • […]
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Causes of isolated spontaneous abortion The causes for isolated spontaneous abortion in 1st & 2nd trimester include: Chromosomal abnormalities: 1.Aneuploidy M/C 2.Trisomy – 2nd best answer 3.Monosomy X (20%)- 3rd 4.Trisomy 16 (16%) Germ plasm defects Fetal causes • Weather it is first or second trimester the m/c cause is chromosomal abnormality. The frequency of
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Causes of anemia in pregnancy Acquired causes: Iron deficiency anemia Dimorphic anemia-anemia due to iron and folic acid deficiency Anemia caused by acute blood loss Anemia of inflammation or malignancy Megaloblastic anemia Acquired hemolytic anemia Aplastic or hypoplastic anemia Hereditary causes: Thalassemia’s Sickle-cell hemoglobinopathies Hereditary hemolytic anemias
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Commonest cause of Visual loss overall → Macular Edema Commonest cause of Visual loss in NPDR → Macular Edema Commonest cause of Visual loss in PDR → Vitreous Hemorrhage
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Causes & Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic capital of the world [WHO] → India [63 Million diabetics] Risk Factors: Duration → Most important prognostic factor Poor control of Blood glucose Hypertension Pregnancy Timing for Checkup: 5 yrs. from detection → Type 1 / IDDM Immediately from detection → Type 2 / NIDDM Then once
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Exudative Retinal Detachment-Causes No hole, no break, no lattice Sign of long-standing Retinal Detachment The causes of retinal detachment include the following: Malignant Melanoma of Choroid Pregnancy induced hypertension Choroiditis Malignant HTN [ HTN + Papilledema] VKH Syndrome [ VOGT KOYANAGI HARADA SYNDROME] 1. Malignant Melanoma of Choroid Commonest tumor of eye in adult
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Tractional Retinal Detachment-Causes Tractional retinal detachment is Slow painless loss of vision Causes: DM (m/c) Proliferative Vitreo retinopathy Sickle cell Anemia Retinopathy of Prematurity
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