HMP Shunt HMP Shunt The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose. The two major functions of this pathway are: The formation of NADPH for synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, and maintaining reduced glutathione for antioxidant activity. The synthesis of ribose for nucleotide and nucleic acid formation. Three molecules of glucose […]
Pseudohypoparathyroidism PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM Etiology: There is tissue resistance to the effects of PTH, so PTH concentrations are markedly elevated Type 1 a or Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) – GNAS1 mutation is inherited on the maternal chromosome Clinical and histologic features: Hypocalcemia Hyperphosphatemia Short stature Short fourth/fifth metacarpals and metatarsals with associated Cataract Rounded face Obesity Subcutaneous calcification The response of
Pseudohypoparathyroidism Read More »
Jugular Venous Pulse JUGULAR VENOUS PULSE Characteristic wave patterns of JVP: a wave – right atrial contraction x descent – atrial relaxation c wave – bulging of tricuspid valve into the right atrium during RV isovolumetric contraction v wave – increase in volume in venecava during systole, when tricuspid valve is closed y descent –
Jugular Venous Pulse Read More »
Choanal atresia CHOANAL ATRESIA Occurence: Most cases of choanal atresia are sporadic, although familial cases suggest autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive modes of a single gene defect. Persistence of bucconasal membrane Clinical features Most cases of choanal atresia are sporadic, although familial cases suggest autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive modes of a single gene defect. Approximately
Rhinoscleroma RHINOSCLEROMA Causative organism: Chronic granulomatous disease caused by Gram negative bacillus called Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (Frisch bacillus) Stages of disease progression: The disease begins in areas of epithelial transition such as the vestibule of the nose, the subglottic area of the larynx. It resembles atrophic rhinitis in atrophic stage. The disease runs through the following
Pityriasis Versicolor PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR Causative Organism Caused by yeast-like micro-organism Pityrosporum ovale (orbiculare) or Malessezia furfur Becomes pathogenic when its growth is encouraged by increased sebum secretion or depressed immunity Skin Lesion Morphology Pale, scaling hypopigmented macules develop over the skin of the chest and back in young adults Fine velvety scales that are not visible but are seen by scraping the lesion.
Pityriasis Versicolor Read More »
Acoustic Neuroma / Vestibular Schwannoma / Neurilemmoma / 8th Nerve tumor ACOUSTIC NEUROMA Synonym: Vestibular Schwannoma or Neurilemmoma or 8th Nerve tumor Origin in the internal auditory canal from the inferior or superior portion of the vestibular nerve 80% of all Cerebello-pontine angle tumors 10% of all intracranial tumors Benign encapsulated, extremely slow growing tumors Bilateral tumors
Acoustic Neuroma / Vestibular Schwannoma / Neurilemmoma / 8th Nerve tumor Read More »
Vasomotor Rhinitis VASOMOTOR RHINITIS Occurence: Non allergic rhinitis Overactivity of parasympathetic system – excessive secretion from the nasal glands, vasodilation and engorgement of nasal mucosa Nasal mucosa is hyper-reactive and responds to non-specific stimuli like change in temperature, dust, smoke etc Symptoms: Paroxysmal sneezing – bouts of sneezing just after getting out of bed in the
Vasomotor Rhinitis Read More »
Atrophic rhinitis / Ozaena ATROPHIC RHINITIS or OZAENA § Atrophy of nasal mucosa and turbinates Types: Atrophic rhinitis is a chronic inflammation of nose characterized by atrophy of nasal mucosa, including the glands, turbinate bones and the nerve elements. Atrophic rhinitis may be primary or secondary Primary atrophic rhinitis The primary pathology is inflammation and
Atrophic rhinitis / Ozaena Read More »
Septoplasty SEPTOPLASTY Clinical indications of septoplasty: Deviation of the nasal septum with partial or complete unilateral or bilateral obstruction of airflow Persistent or recurrent epistaxis Evidence of sinusitis secondary to septal deviation Headaches secondary to septal deviation and contact points Anatomic obstruction that makes indicated sinus procedure difficult to perform efficiently Obstructive sleep apnea As
