DEMENTIA DEMENTIA Introduction: Defined as a progressive impairment of cognitive functions in absence of any disturbances of consciousness. Prevalence: Increases with age. 5% in population older than 65 years; 20-40% in older than 85 years. Symptoms: 1. Cognitive impairment: Characterized by 4 A’s: amnesia, aphasia, apraxia & agnosia. Amnesia: Memory impairment. Can be episodic (memory for events) & semantic […]
AMNESTIC DISORDERS AMNESTIC DISORDERS Broad category including variety of conditions presenting amnestic syndrome. Features: Characterized by inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) & inability to recall previously remembered knowledge (retrograde amnesia). Short-term & recent memory – Impaired with preservation of remote & immediate memory. Causes: Major causes: Thiamine deficiency (Korsakoff syndrome). Hypoglycemia. Primary brain
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DYSSOMNIA & PARASOMNIA DYSSOMNIA & PARASOMNIA I) Dysomnia Introduction: Characterized by abnormality in duration or quality of sleep. Subtypes: Insomnia. Hypersomnia. 1. Insomnia: Features: Decreased sleep. Difficulty in initiation of sleep. Difficulty in maintenance of sleep. Frequent awakening during night. Early morning awakening. Nonrestorative sleep. Not feeling refreshed in morning due to poor quality of
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COMPILATION OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS COMPILATION OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS Important psychiatric disorders in pediatric patients include, Conduct disorder. Oppositional defiant disorder. Specific disorders of scholastic skills – Learning disorders. Conduct disorder: Associated with unsatisfactory family relationships & failure at school. Later stages lead to antisocial personality disorder (dissocial personality disorder). Features:
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MENTAL RETARDATION MENTAL RETARDATION Introduction: Condition characterized by incomplete development of intellectual functions & adaptive skills (skills for successful Iife). Intelligence is measured by Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Calculation method: IQ = Mental age/Chronological age x 100 Maximum denominator – 15 (even for elderly assessment). IQ less than 70 – Considered as “mental retardation”. Category &
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ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT) ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT) Introduction: A type of convulsive therapies used for psychiatric disorders treatment. Usage of electricity as an agent inducing convulsions – Referred as “electroconvulsive therapy.” Types: A. Direct ECT: Anesthetic agents & muscle relaxants not used. Generalized convulsions produced result in fractures or teeth dislocations. Higher incidence of side effects – Rarely
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PSYCHOTHERAPY PSYCHOTHERAPY Treatment of psychiatric disorders by using psychological methods. Most important method – Behavior therapy. Behavior therapy: Psychological treatment where patient’s maladaptive behaviors changed to improve quality of life. “Behavior therapy” is generic term – Used to describe a variety of specific techniques intended to remove maladaptive behaviors. Techniques of behavior therapy: Systematic desensitization. Therapeutic
DEATH & DYING DEATH & DYING Is a series of responses in an iindividual after informing about his impending death. 3 stages of death and dying were proposed by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross. Stage 1 – Denial and shock: Characterized by refusal to accept diagnosis & reaction of shock. Stage 2: Anger. Stage 3: Bargaining. Stage 4:
ADJUSTMENT DISORDER ADJUSTMENT DISORDER Disorders characterized by emotional responses to stressful events like financial problems, medical illness, relationship problems or death of a loved one. Symptoms: Symptom complex includes anxiety & depressive symptoms. Depressed mood Worry Feeling of inability to cope. Disturbance in individuals daily functioning. Differential diagnosis: Depression – Depression follows negative life event. Differentiated by
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BIPOLAR DISORDERS BIPOLAR DISORDERS Characterized by episodes of both mania & depression. Equally prevalent in men & women. Manic episodes – More common in men; depressive episodes – More common in women. More commonly seen in divorced and single persons. Onset age – 30 yrs (average). Causes: Neurotransmitters: Increased dopamine levels for manic episode. Genetic factors: Chromosomes
