Mobile Apps for Medical Students
1. Oligohydramnios
• Less space for fetus leading to cord compression
• Umbilical artery & vein gets compressed
• Fetal distress & fetus will pass meconium
• Fetal swallows meconium with amniotic fluid
2. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
3. Low birth weight
4. Fetal distress/ hypoxia
5. Still birth
→In Neonates
1. Loose Skin
2. ↓ Tone
3. ↑ HMD/RDS
4. ↑ IVH
5. Neonatal Death
→Fetal Surveillance in IUGR is done by NST (Non-Stress Test) Biweekly
→Patient C/o initial bleeding and pain and product of conception comes, then bleeding
→ P/A or P/V- Size of uterus is less than period of gestation.
→ Internal OS -Closed
→ Diagnosis- USG-empty uterus
Cochlea is a part of inner ear with 2 membranes & 3 parts
Entire structure is explained diagrammatically.
Receptors on cells are classified based on their location into:
Extracellular / Cell membrane Receptors:
• G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
• Tyrosine Kinase Receptor
• Janus Kinase Receptor (JAK-STAT)
Intracellular Receptors:
• Cytoplasmic Receptors
• Nuclear receptors
The receptors of cells are divided into the following based on adaptation:
1. Rapidly Adapting Receptors (RAR’s)
o Adapts quickly to stimulus
o Ex: Corpuscles – Meissner’s & Pacinian Corpuscles
2. Slowly Adapting Receptors (SAR’s)
o Adapts slowly to stimulus
o Ex: Merkel’s Cells, Ruffini’s endings, Free nerve endings.
The hormones are classified into the following based on chemical structure
1. Amino Acid Derivative
• SINGLE amino acid
• TYROSINE = (T3, T4) & Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine)
• TRYPTOPHAN -5-HT (Serotonin) & Melatonin
• ARGININE (Nitric Oxide)
2. Protein / Peptide
MULTIPLE amino acid
Acts on “EXTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS
INSULIN (51 amino acids), PARATHORMONE (84 amino acids)
3. Cholesterol derivatives
• Crosses cell Membrane
• Acts on “INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS”
• STEROID HORMONES (Aldosterone, Cortisol, Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone)
4. Vitamins
VITAMIN A & D
Acts on “INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS
| Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy | Pregnancy Induced Hypertension |
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→ In a pregnant Chronic HT Female if at 20 weeks: –
BP suddenly becomes incontrollable/New onset proteinuria/Signs of end organ damage are +nt
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Cervical incompetence managed by using cerclage procedures. The 3 types of cerclage that are used are:
1. McDonald’s Cerclage (M/C)
2. Shirodkar Cerclage
3. Abdominal Cerclage -Benson & Durfee Cerclage
Diagnosis in non-pregnant female:
1. History: –
→ RPL
→ Only 2nd trimester loss
→Painless dilatation of cervix
→ As the no. of pregnancy loss ↑ POG at which loss occurs↓
2. Hegar dilator no. 8 can pass through Internal Os without Pt. resistance.
3. On hystero cervicography- Funnel Shape
• In hysterocervicography with the help of foleys catheter radiopaque dye is injected.
• In normal pt. as os is closed dye will not come out but in cervical incompetence dye will
ome out and result in funnel shape.
• All these are not a very good method to be performed in non-pregnant females.
Diagnosis in pregnant female:
→ Length of cervix <2.5 cm
→ Dilation of cervix ≥2cm
→ Shape of cervix-U shaped (Normally T shape)
