CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-MICROBIALS
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMICROBIALS
- There are many basis for classification of antimicrobial drugs that includes,
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE:
| Quinolones |
Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin,
Ciprofloxacin etc |
| Macrolide antibiotics |
Erythromycin,
Tacrolimus(Fk-506)
Roxithromycin,
Azithromycin |
| Polypeptide antibiotics | Polymyxin-B, Colistin
Bacitracin |
| Glycopeptides | Vancomycin
Teicoplanin |
| Oxazolidinone | Linezolid |
| Nitrofuran derivatives | Nitrofurantoin
Furazolidone |
| Nitroimidazoles | Metronidazole
Tinidazole |
| Nicotinic acid derivatives |
Isoniazid,
Pyrazinamide
Ethionamide
|
| Polyene antibiotics |
Nystatin,
Hamycin,
Amphotericin-B
|
| Azole derivatives |
Miconazole,
Clotrimazole,
Ketoconazole, Fluconazole |
| Others |
Rifampin,
Lincomycin,
Clindamycin,
Spectinomycin,
Sod. Fusidate,
Cycloserine,
Ethambutol, Clofazimine, Griseofulvin |
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
| Inhibit cell wall synthesis |
Penicillins,
Cephalosporins,
Aztreonam
Cycloserine, Vancomycin, Bacitracin |
| Cause leakage from cell membranes | Polypeptides – Polymyxins, Colistin, Bacitracin |
| Polyenes-Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Hamycin
Azoles. |
|
| Inhibit protein synthesis |
Tetracyclines,
Linezolid,
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Clindamycin |
| Cause misreading of m-RNA code & affect permeability | Aminoglycosides- Streptomycin, Gentamicin |
| Inhibit DNA gyrase | Fluoroquinolones – Ciprofloxacin |
| Interfere with DNA function | Rifampin,
Metronidazole |
| Interfere with DNA synthesis |
Idoxuridine, Acyclovir, Zidovudine
|
| Interfere with intermediary metabolism |
Sulfonamides, Sulfones, PAS, Trimethoprim, Pyrimethamine, Ethambutol. |
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY:
| Antibacterial | Penicillins, Aminoglycosides, Erythromycin etc |
| Antifungal |
Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B, Ketoconazole etc.
|
| Antiviral |
Idoxuridine, Acyclovir, Amantadine, Zidovudine etc
|
| Antiprotozoal |
Chloroquine, Pyrimethamine, Metronidazole, Diloxanide etc.
|
| Anthelmintic | Mebendazole, Pyrantel, Niclosamide, Diethyl carbamazine etc. |
SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY:
| Narrow spectrum | Broad spectrum |
| Penicillin G
Streptomycin Erythromycin |
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
|
ACTION:
| Primarily bacteriostatic | Primarily bactericidal |
| Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Ethambutol |
Penicillins
Aminoglycosides Polypeptides Rifampin Cotrimoxazole Cephalosporins Vancomycin Nalidixic acid Ciprofloxacin |
SOURCE OF ANTIBIOTICS:
| Fungi | Bacteria | Actinomycetes |
| Penicillin,
Cephalosporin, Griseofulvin |
Polymyxin B,
Bacitracin, Tyrothricin, Aztreonam |
Aminoglycosides,
Tetracyclines,
Polyenes
Chloramphenicol,
Macrolides.
|
Exam Important
- Vancomycin, Aztreonam & Cephalexin inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
- Bacteriocidal agents include cephalosporin
- Anti-pseudomonal action is a characteristic of Cefoperazone
- Tacrolimus (Fk-506) is macrolide antibiotic
- Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin inhibit protein synthesis
- Bacteriostatic anti TB drug Ethambutol
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