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Muscles of foot

MUSCLES OF FOOT

The muscles acting on the foot can be classified into extrinsic muscles, those originating on the anterior or posterior aspect of the lower leg.
and intrinsic muscles, originating on the dorsal (top) or plantar (base) aspects of the foot.

EXTRINSIC MUSCLES

All muscles originating on the lower leg except the popliteus muscle are attached to the bones of the foot.
The tibia and fibula and the interosseous membrane separate these muscles into anterior and posterior groups, in their turn subdivided into subgroups and layers.

Anterior group

1. Extensor group:

MUSCLE	ORIGIN	INSERTION	ACTION
Tibialis Anterior	Proximal half of tibia Interosseous membrane	near tarsometatarsal joint of 1st digit	Non-weight-bearing leg tibialis anterior flexes the foot dorsally and lift its medial edge (supination). Weight-bearing leg it brings the leg towards the back of the foot, like in rapid walking
Extensor digitorum longus	Lateral tibial condyle Along the fibula	Second to fifth digits and proximally on the fifth metatarsal.	Similar to the tibialis anterior Dorsiflexes the digits.
Extensor hallucis longus	Medially on the fibula	first digit	Dorsiflexes the big toe and also acts on the ankle in the unstressed leg Weight-bearing leg it acts similar to the tibialis anterior.

2. Peroneal group:

MUSCLE	ORIGIN	INSERTION	ACTION
Peroneus Longus	Proximal aspect of Fibula	1st tarsometatarsal joint Lateral margin of plantar surface of 1st cuneiform	Pronator Plantor flexion Evertor of ankle Acts like a bowstring that braces the transverse arch of the foot.
Peroneus Brevis	Proximal aspect of fibula below P. Longus	Proximal part of 5th metatarsal	Pronator Plantor flexion

Posterior group

Superficial layer

MUSCLE

ORIGIN

INSERTION

ACTION

Triceps Surae

Soleus(peripheral heart)

Gastrocnemius

Proximal dorsal parts of tibia & fibula

Proximal to condyle on femur

Merges to be inserted on calcaneus as Achiles tendon

Plantar flexion

During walking it not only lifts the heel, but also flexes the knee, assisted by the plantaris.

Plantaris

Femur

Medial to Achilles’ tendon

Plantar flexion

During walking it not only lifts the heel, but also flexes the knee, assisted by the plantaris.

2. Deep layer

MUSCLE	ORIGIN	INSERTION	ACTION
Tibialis Posterior	Interosseous membrane & adjoining bones Passes deep to flexor retinaculum	Tarsall bone except talus	Non-weight-bearing leg, it produces plantar flexion and supination weight-bearing leg, it proximates the heel to the calf.
Flexor hallucis longus	Back of the fibula (i.e. on the lateral side)	Extends distally down to the flexor retinaculum where it passes over to the medial side to stretch across the sole to the distal phalanx of the first digit.	Plantar flex and invert the foot Flex the great toe and helps supinate the ankle
Popliteus	Lateral femoral epicondyle(intracapsular)	Posterior surface of the tibia, just proximal to the soleal line	Does not act on the foot Unlocker of knee flexor of knee

INTRINSIC MUSCLES:

There are three groups of muscles in the sole of foot, those of the first and last digits, and a central group:

Muscles Of Big Toe:

MUSCLE	ORIGINN	INSERTION	ACTION
Abductor hallucis	Calcaneus of 1st digit	2 head insert proximal & distal to 1st metatarsal	Abductor & Weak flexor Maintain arch of foot
Flexor hallucis brevis( sesamoid bone present in its tendon)	Medial cuneiform bone	2 head insert proximal & distal to 1st metatarsal	Plantar flexor(crucial for ballet dance)
Adductor hallucis	oblique head:central part of midfoot Transverse head:metatarsophalangeal joints of digits five to three	Lateral sesamoid bone of the first digit	Tensor of the plantar arches and also adducts the big toe and then might plantar flex the proximal phal

2. Muscles of the little toe:

MUSCLE	ORIGIN	INSERTION	ACTION
Abductor digiti minimi	calcaneus	proximal phalanx of the fifth digit	Form the lateral margin of the foot Support the arch of the foot and to plantar flex the fifth digit
flexor digiti minimi	Base of the fifth metatarsal	Attach to hook of hamate Together with abductor on the first phalanx.	Support the arch of the foot and to plantar flex the fifth digit
Opponens digiti minimi	cuboid bone	Fifth metatarsal bone.	Support the arch of the foot and to plantar flex the fifth digit

3. Central muscle group:

MUSCLE	ORIGIN	INSERTION	ACTION
Lumbricals(4)	Medial side of the tendons of flexor digitorum longus	Medial margins of the proximal phalanges	Plantar flexors at the metatarsophalangeal joints
Quadratus plantae	2 slips from the lateral and medial margins of the calcaneus	Lateral margin of the flexor digitorum tendon	Plantar flexors at the metatarsophalangeal joints
Flexor digitorum brevis	Inferiorly on the calcaneus	Middle phalanges of digits two to four	Flexes the middle phalanges
Dorsal and plantar interossei	Between the toes, the stretch from the metatarsals	Proximal phalanges of digits two to five	Plantar interossei adducts Dorsal interossei abducts Plantar flexors at the metatarsophalangeal joints

Exam Question

Sesamoid bone present in tendon of Flexor hallucis brevis
Lumbricals Originates from tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Popliteus is the unlocker of knee
Peroneus longus is the Evertor of ankle inserted into the medial cuneiform
Gastrocnemius Muscle is used in normal walk during DIstance and swing
Tibialis posterior muscle passes deep to the flexor retinaculum
Tibialis posterior is inserted into all tarsus bones except talus
Peroneus brevis is inserted into proximal part of 5th metatarsal
Gastrocnemius & plantaris acts both on knee & ankle
Muscles causing dorsiflexion of foot are Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis longus & Tibialis anterior
Planter flaxion is brought about by Plantaris, FHL & Soleus
Action of tibialis anterior is that in Non-weight-bearing leg tibialis anterior flexes the foot dorsally and lift its medial edge (supination) & in Weight-bearing leg it brings the leg towards the back of the foot, like in rapid walking.
Tibilais anterior causes inversion of foot
Soleus is k/as peripheral heart
Flexor digiti minimi muscle is attached to hook of hamate.
Action of popliteus muscle: unlock knee, flex knee.

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Muscles of foot

Muscles of foot

INTRINSIC MUSCLES:

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Muscles of foot

INTRINSIC MUSCLES:

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