Undertaker Fracture,Stalking,para-suicide, heat and cold stoke

Introduction: 

• Undertaker’s fracture is an artifact related to poor handling of the corpse characterized by subluxation of the lower cervical spine from tearing of the intervertebral disc at C6-C7 vertebral level. It occurs due to sudden fall of the head over occipital region. 
• stalking – physical or electronic via phone calls, text messages, or emails — is a criminal offence. It is punishable with one to three years in jail.
• IPC sec 354D- stalking

1. Upto 3 years + Fine for first conviction
2. upto 5 years + Fine for second or subsequent conviction

PARA-SUICIDE

• parasuicide also  known  as attempted suicide  or pseudosuicide  is  a conscious  often  impulsive,  manipulative  act in  which  the  aim is  not  death.
• Drug  ingestion  is  the  commonest  form  followed  by  cutting  wrist.
• previous parasuicide  is  a  predictor  of suicide.  The risk  of subsequent  suicide  persists for  at least  two  decades.

HEAT AND COLD STOKE:

• Exposure  to  high  atmospheric  temperatures causes  three  clinical  conditions  :-

1) Heatcramps/Miner,scramps/Stoker’scramp/Firemen’scramp

• These  are  painful spasm  of voluntary  muscles  which  follow  sternous  work in  a hot  atmosphere.
• These  are  caused  by toss  of water  and  salt in  profuse  prespiration  (sweating)’

2) Heat exhaustion/heat collapse/heat  syncope/heat  prostration

• There is  collapse without  any elevation  of  body tempetature’
• It occurs  drr.io e*pogre to  high  temperature  in  closed environment  and is  precipitated by  muscular exercise and  unsuitable  clothing.
• There is  extreme  exhaustion  with  peripheral  vascular  collapse  with scanty  perspiration (sweating)’

3) Heat  stroke (heat  hyperpyrexia/sunstroke)

• It  is  due  to  failure  of heat  regulating  mechanism caused  by failure  of cutaneous  circulation  and  sweating’
•  It occurs due to exposure to heat in open and humid environment.
• There is  sudden  collapse with loss  of consciousness.
• Skin  is  dry,  hot  flushes  and  there  is  no sweating.
• AII signs  of  shock  are present,  i.e.  low  urine  out put, low  BP, rapid  irregular  pulse  etc.

 COLD STROKE

• The  localized  effects  of cold  are frost-bite, trench foot, and immersion foot’
• Trench foot  and  immersion  foot  (wet  cold)  result  due  to  prolonged  exposure  to  severe cold (5-8⁰C)  and dampness.
• Blister formation  with  ulceration  and localized  dry gangrene  occurs.
• Frost  bite  is  infarction  of  peripheral digits  with oedena,  redness  and  later  necrosis of  tissue  beyond  a  line  of inflammatory  demarcation.
• It  occurs due to  exposure  to  greater  extremes  (-2.5″  C) of  cold.  Necrosis  with blister formation  and  gangrene  occur. 
• Skin becomes  hard  and  black in  about  two  weeks.The  sequence  of  events  is 

1	Erythematous  patches	Few hours
2	Soft  blisters	24-36 hours
3	Hard and black	2 weeks
4	Deep  upto  the  none	1 month

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