Cholecystokinin (Cck)

The major factor controlling the contraction of the gallbladder is the  hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), which is released from the duodenal mucosa in response to the ingestion of fats and amino acids.

Release of cholecystokinin is stimulated by the presence of peptides, amino acids, or fatty acids in the small intestine. Cholecystokinin acts on the pancreas to stimulate secretion of pancreatic enzymes that aid in the digestion of these compounds.

Gastrin secretion is stimulated by the presence of peptides or amino acids in the lumen of the stomach, and produces an increase in gastric H+ secretion.

Motilin is a hormone that regulates the migrating myoelectric complex, a series of contractions that occur during fasting, clearing the stomach and small intestine of any residual food.

Secretin secretion is stimulated by the presence of H+ and fatty acids in the duodenum, and causes an increase in pancreatic and biliary HCO3; release and a decrease in gastric H+ release.

Ref: Barrett K.E., Barman S.M., Boitano S., Brooks H.L. (2012). Chapter 25. Overview of Gastrointestinal Function & Regulation. In K.E. Barrett, S.M. Barman, S. Boitano, H.L. Brooks (Eds), Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 24e.

A i.e. Does not depend on gastric motality

Intestinal motality is dependent of gastric motality; as explained below

– Peristalitic activity of small intestine is greatly increased by distension of stomach wall (gastro enteric reflex) and duodenal wall.

– Chyme is sometimes blocked at ileocecal valve for several hours, until the person eats another meal, which initiates gastro-ileal reflex. This intensifies perstalsis in ileum and forces the remaining chyme through ileo-cecal valve into cecum (large intestine)

– Gastro- colic & duodeno- colic autonomic reflexes result from distension of stomach and duodenum. These facilitate appearance of propulsive mass movements after meals, in large intestineQ.

– Entero- gastric reflex inhibits stomach secretions and motality (by inhibiting pyloric pump propulsive contractions & increasing tone of pyloric sphincter) based on the signals from small intestine and colon.

– Reflexes from colon inhibit emptying of ileal content into the colon via colono-ileal reflex.

A i.e. Decreased by cholecystokinin

C i.e. Increases the secretion of enterokinase

Secretin hormone stimulates copious secretion of a very alkaline pancreatic jute that is rich in water & HCO ₃^– and poor

in enzymes and Cl-Q. It also stimulates bile secretion (choleretics)Q but has no role in synthesis of bile salt and bile acids. It augments action of CCKPZ but inhibits gastrin secretion and gastric emptying & motalityQ.

Ans. is ‘b’ i.e., Increases small intestinal peristalsis