Hip joint movements

Ans:D.)Gluteus Minimus.

Many of the muscles of the gluteal region are external rotators of the hip. These muscles include the gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, superior gemellus, and inferior gemellus. The sartorius is a flexor and external rotator of the hip. The gluteus minimus is an abductor and internal rotator of the hip.

Tensor fasciae latae extends from iliac crest to iliotibial track. It is also involved in medial rotation of hip. Tensor fascia latae is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve, L4, L5 and S1. The basic functional movement of tensor fascia latae is walking. The tensor fascia lata is heavily utilized in horse riding, hurdling and water skiing. 

Flexors of hip: Psoas major and illiacus are the chief flexors of hip joint. Pectineus, rectus femoris, adductors and sartorius are the accessory muscles. Adductors mainly the adductor longus participate in the early stages of flexion.

Piriformis helps in lateral rotation of hip and is not a abductor. Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and sartorius are abductors of hip.

The hip joint is a ball and socket joint. It has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Medial Rotation and Lateral Rotation. There are various muscles which bring about these movements.
 

• The muscles of the gluteal region primarily act on the hip joint, producing extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and abduction. 
• The piriformis acts as an abductor, lateral rotator, and weak extensor of the thigh. The action of the sartorius muscle is to flex, abduct, and laterally rotate the thigh at the hip joint and flex the leg at the knee joint. 
• The gracilis muscle adducts the thigh at the hip joint and flexes the leg at the knee joint.

The iliofemoral ligament is a Y-shaped ligament extending from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the anterior surface of the intertrochanteric line of the femur. It prevents hyperextension of the hip joint during standing by screwing the femoral head into the acetabulum. (The ischiofemoral ligament also helps to prevent hyperextension of the hip joint by screwing the femoral head into the acetabulum).

Ligamentum capitis femoris attaches the head of the femur to the acetabular fossa. The pubofemoral ligament connects the pubic portion of the rim of the bony acetabulum to the medial surface of the femoral neck. It prevents over abduction of the hip joint.

Zona orbicularis is a band of circularly oriented ligamentous fibers that reinforce the capsule of the hip joint. it helps keep the head of the femur in its socket.

A i.e. Medial rotation & abduction is caused by gluteus medius & minimus

Gluteus medius & minimus are powerful abductors of hip & also cause medial rotation (not lateral rotation). Gluteus maximus is extensor & lateral rotator of hip.

Sartorius is flexor, abductor & lateral rotator of hip & flexes knee joint. (i.e. palthi posture/ sitting crossed leg / position in which tailors sit).

Tensor fascia lata is flexor, abductor & medial rotator of hip; helps in knee extension.

Hyper extension is prevented by iliofemoral ligament (Ligament of Bigelow)  not by capsular thickening

Femoral nerve (L₂L₃L₄) supplies flexor muscles of hip (anterior compartment of thigh) i.e. – Sartorius, Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris + vastus laterlis, medialis & intermedius), articularis genu  not lateral rotators of thigh (eg. Gluteus maximus)

Ans. B: Pubofemoral ligaments