Cervical incompetence → M/C cause of 2nd trimester loss → Painless, sudden dilatation of internal OS → Sudden rupture of membrane & expulsion of fetus. Etiology: Congenital Acquired- → Forcible Dilatation of cervix → Cervix Surgery
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OCD-Etiology & Symptoms The etiology of OCD is: Serotonin dysregulation [Less evidence for Noradrenergic system] Cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circulatory path Prefrontal Cortex -> Striatum -> Thalamus -> Prefrontal Cortex Symptom patterns: Contamination-Washing behavior Pathological doubt-Compulsion of checking Intrusive thoughts-Intrusive Thoughts [sexual & aggressive] without an observable compulsion Symmetry-Need for Symmetry and precision. Compulsion of slowness
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Bipolar disorder-Etiology The etiology of bipolar disorder is influenced by the following 2 factors: Neurotransmitter: Increased level of dopamine in pathophysiology of Manic episode For Depression Serotonin and NE Genetic Factors: Chromosome 18q and 22q has strongest linkage to bipolar disorder Chromosome 21q has also been implicated
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HEPATORENAL SYNDROME HEPATORENAL SYNDROME HRS is development of acute renal failure due to severe hepatic (advanced cirrhosis) or bilary disease with jaundice. Low cardiac putput and high plasma rennin predicts development of HRS. Patient develops oliguria, azotaemia and hyponatraemia. ETIOLOGY- Bile salt sludging in the tubules Absorption of toxins Increase ADH release Hypoperfusion and renal
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Hepatorenal syndrome Q. 1 Albumin treatment along with antibiotic in the setting of SBP(spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) is indicated to prevent the development of hepatorenal syndrome is in all , EXCEPT: A Serum creatine is > 1 mg/dl B BUN > 30mg/dl C Total bilirubin is > 4 mg/dl D INR > 2 Q. 1 Albumin treatment
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ACUTE PROSTATITIS ACUTE PROSTATITIS Inflammation of prostate can be Acute or Chronic. ETIOLOGY- MC organism- E. Coli > staphylococcus aureus > staphylococcus albus Instrumentation Ascending and descending infection from below and above into infected urine into prostatic ducts Haematogenous CLINICAL FEATURES- High grade fever, chills and rigors Retention of urine Perineal heaviness, pain on defaecation
Acute Prostatitis Q. 1 Complication which commonly accompanies acute prostatitis – A Epididymitis B Orchitis C Seminal vesiculitis D Sterility Q. 1 Complication which commonly accompanies acute prostatitis – A Epididymitis B Orchitis C Seminal vesiculitis D Sterility Ans. C Explanation: Ans. is ‘c’ i.e., Seminal vesiculitis [ads id=”21887″] PreviousNext × Will you help me
PARAPHIMOSIS PARAPHIMOSIS Inability to place back the retracted prepucial skin over the glans. The retracted skin acts like a tight ring constricting proximal to the corona and prepuceal skin resulting in venous congestion. Congestion results n glans swelling, oedematous with severe pain and tenderness. Glans will undergo necrosis or gangrenous change. ETIOLOGY Catherization After sexual
Paraphimosis Q. 1 Not true about paraphimosis is – A Iatrogenic B Seen in Diabetes mellitus C Gangrene of glans D Circumcision is the t/t Q. 1 Not true about paraphimosis is – A Iatrogenic B Seen in Diabetes mellitus C Gangrene of glans D Circumcision is the t/t Ans. B Explanation: Ans is ‘b’
PEYRONIE’S DISEASE PEYRONIE’S DISEASE (PENILE FIBROMATOSIS/ INDURATION- PENIS PLASTICA) It is a development of fibrous tissue plaque on the covering of corpus cavernosum involving tunica albuginea which may later calcify or ossify. Palmar fibromatosis + plantar fibromatosis + penile fibromatosis = superficial fibromatosis ETIOLOGY Associated with- a) Dupuytren’s contracture (plamar fibromatosis) b) Retroperitoneal fibrosis c)
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