Shoulder joint Q. 1 Which of the following is true of shoulder joint? A Composed of only 2 joints B Anterior posterior gliding of s capula of never occurs C Acromio clavicular joint is more important D Allows flexion, rotation and abduction Q. 1 Which of the following is true of shoulder joint? A […]
CLAVICLE CLAVICLE The clavicle or collar bone is one of the bones of shoulder girdle. It is long slender bone that lies horizontally across the root of neck just beneath the skin. Peculiar features of Clavicle: First bone to begin ossification (during 5th to 6th week of fetal development) Last bone to complete ossification (at age 21) Only long
Dermatitis herpetiformis DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS Signs and Symptoms: Intensely itchy vesicles, papulovesicles and urticaria papules symmetrically distributed over extensor surfaces (elbows, knees, buttocks, back, scalp, and posterior neck) Almost all have an associated, usually subclinical, gluten-sensitive enteropathy Pathophysiology and Diagnosis: >90% express the HLA-B8/DRw3 and HLA-DQw2 haplotypes Biopsy of new lesions – vesicle forms subepidermally and develops from collections of inflammatory cells in the
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Tinea capitis Tinea capitis Incidence: Ringworm of the scalp occurs in children exclusively Mainly due to M. canis or Trichophyton tonsurans Pathophysiology: It invades the hair cuticle (ectothrix infection), causing pink, scaling patches on the scalp skin Scalp ringworm caused by T. schoenleini, invades the interior of the hair shaft (endothrix) and causes intense inflammation on the scalp, with swelling, pus formation and scalp scarring.
Placenta accreta PLACENTA ACCRETA: Occurence: Abnormal attachment of the placenta through the uterine myometrium as a result of defective decidual formation (absent Nitabuch’s layer). Grades of abnormal placental attachment according to the depth of invasion: In this condition, the decidua basalis is absent and Placental villi are attached to the myometrium in placenta accreta Invade the myometrium
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME Meconium aspiration syndrome occurs when infants take meconium into their lungs during or before delivery Incidence Incidence 10-15%; Usually in term or post term and small for date babies Clinical Feature Meconium stooling is seen in 90 percent of newborns within the first 24 hours, and most of the rest
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Rhabdomyolysis RHABDOMYOLYSIS Causes: Crush or Anoxic injuries, Cocaine use, Alcohol intoxication (particularly with prolonged immobility), Exposure hypothermia, Compromised kidney and liver function, Diabetes mellitus, Hypothyroidism Drugs: Statins, protease inhibitors, erythromycin, itraconazole, clarithromycin, diltiazem Clinical & Laboratory findings Myalgias and weakness are usually present. Urinary dipstick testing positive for blood (actually myoglobin) in the absence of RBCs Serum creatine kinase level is
Cluster Headache CLUSTER HEAD ACHE (MIGRAINOUS NEURALGIA) Etiology: Cluster headache is likely a disorder involving central pacemaker neurons in the region of the posterior hypothalamus, causing excruciating henticranial pain. Symptoms: Young adult men The pain is unilateral, deep, usually retro orbital, excruciating, non-fluctuating and explosive in quality A core feature of cluster headache is periodicity. Pain recurs at the same
HMP Shunt HMP Shunt The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose. The two major functions of this pathway are: The formation of NADPH for synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, and maintaining reduced glutathione for antioxidant activity. The synthesis of ribose for nucleotide and nucleic acid formation. Three molecules of glucose
Pseudohypoparathyroidism PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM Etiology: There is tissue resistance to the effects of PTH, so PTH concentrations are markedly elevated Type 1 a or Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) – GNAS1 mutation is inherited on the maternal chromosome Clinical and histologic features: Hypocalcemia Hyperphosphatemia Short stature Short fourth/fifth metacarpals and metatarsals with associated Cataract Rounded face Obesity Subcutaneous calcification The response of
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