Form of thought Disturbances in form of thought are: Refers to organization of thoughts or association between consecutive thoughts Derailment-Association between two consecutive thoughts are disturbed, E.g.: – Person says I will not go to office today. Mahatma Gandhi was a good person Loosening of Association-Connection is lost between the components of a single […]
Content of thought The disturbances in content of thought are: Delusion-False, unshakable belief that cannot be explained on social / cultural background Persecution-M/C Delusion. Believes someone what to harm the patient Reference-Events happening around him are somewhat related to him Grandeur / Grandiosity-He has some exceptional identity or power Erotomania-Fantasy Lover Syndrome or Delusion
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Psychiatric Disease-Classification Psychiatric diseases are classified as following: ICD – 10 [International Classification of Disease, 10th Edition] Published by WHO and provides classification for all medical disease Psychiatric Ds has been classified in Chapter V (F) DSM-5 [Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders] Published by American Psychiatric disorders, 5th Edition in 2013 Organic
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Neurotic defense mechanism Displacement → Shifting emotions about one object/ individual to another object/individual → Ex- After being scolded by father, the person goes and scolds his younger sibling → Displacement is involved in development of Phobias Intellectualization → Use of intellectual process to avoid painful emotions → Ex- After diagnosis of Lung Cancer,
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Narcissistic defense mechanism Narcissistic defense mechanism consists of: Denial Defense Mechanism → Refusal to accept the reality, the person continues to behave as if nothing has happened → Ex – Mother refused to accept that her son is died in an accident and insists he will come for dinner Projecting Defense Mechanism → Projecting own
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Mature Defense Mechanism Altruism → Satisfying internal needs by helping others → Ex- Son dies in car accident with drunk father. Father later starts campaign on drunk driving Anticipation → Planning in advance to deal with adverse and uncomfortable situation → Ex- Student plans all his arguments before going to home after a poor
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Immature defense mechanisms Acting Out → Acting out unconscious desires without becoming aware of them → Ex – Person steals an item from shop without any prior planning → Forms the basis of IMPULSE Control Disorders Passive Aggressive Behavior → Indirectly expressing the anger towards others → Ex – Child Trips and drops the
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Defense mechanisms in psychiatric diseases OCD- Reaction formation Displacement Undoing Inhibition Phobia-Displacement & Inhibition Dissociative disorder-Dissociation Neurosis-Regression Delusion/hallucination-Projection Impulse Control Disorders-Acting out Borderline Personality Ds-Projecting Identification Substance Use Disorder-Rationalization
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Defense mechanism-Basics → Defense mechanism prevents excessive unbearable anxiety due to unacceptable urges → These unacceptable urges reflect the conflict between the ID and superego → The defense mechanism is produced by Ego Narcissistic Defense Mechanisms Immature Defense Mechanisms Neurotic Defense Mechanisms Mature Defense Mechanism All Defense mechanisms are at unconscious level except Suppression
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Beta hydroxybutyrate & Ketone Body Test Important Image Based Question → Beta Hydroxy butyrate does not give Rothera’s / Gerhardt’s Test for Ketones because it does not give ketone group → High NADH/NAD Ratio in Starvation & DM cause conversion of Acetoacetate to β OH Butyrate
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