GANGLION CYST GANGLION CYST Ganglion is a tense, cystic swelling and occurs due to myxomatous degeneration of the synovial sheath lining the joint or tendon sheath. ETIOLOGY- Leakage in the capsule due to trauma Mucoid degeneration of fibrous sheath CLINICAL FEATURES- MC site- dorsum of the hand (scapholunate articulation), volar surfave of wrist, palm of […]
TETANY TETANY Tetany is a condition with hyperexcitability of peripheral nerves due to hypocalcemia resulting in spasm of hands, feet. ETIOLOGY- Hypoparathyroidism Severe respiratory alkalosis Dietary factors Deficiency of Vitamin D Hypokalaemic alkalosis Acute pancreatitis Hypomagnesemia Strychnine Hyperaldosteronism Chelation of calcium Hyperventilation Malabsorption CLINICAL FEATURES- Tingling and numbness of lips, nose, extremities. Painful cramps of
SOLITARY THYROID NODULE SOLITARY THYROID NODULE STN is the presence of single palpable nodule in the thyroid gland while remaining gland is not palpable. ETIOLOGY- Part of MNG (dominant nodule) Puberty goiter Colloid goiter (MC) Toxic adenoma Thyroid cyst and carcinoma Thyroiditis CLINICAL FEATURES- Seen in females more commonly STN has higher malignancy rate than
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GRAVE DISEASE GRAVE’S DISEASE Also called as diffuse toxic goiter or primary thyrotoxicosis. Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies produced by immune system to produce excess of thyroid hormone with enlargement of thyroid gland. Most common cause of thyrotoxicosis. PATHOLOGY- Production of thyroid stimulating antibodies → diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia of
HYPERTHYROIDISM HYPERTHYROIDISM Hyperthyroidism are disorders that involve excess synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone (T3, T4) by thyroid gland leading to thyrotoxicosis. Hyperthyroidism are- Primary hyperthyroidism Thyrotoxicosis without hyperthyroidism Secondary hyperthyroidism Primary hyperthyroidism- Diffuse toxic goiter (Grave’s disease) Toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer’s disease) Toxic nodule (solitary nodule/Toxic adenoma) Jod- Basedow’s thyrotoxicosis Struma ovary Drugs (antiarrhythmic
RETROSTERNAL GOITER RETROSTERNAL GOITER Retrosternal goiter tends to arise from the slow growth of a multinodular (lower pole) down into the mediastinum. The nodular goiter is sucked in superior mediastinum by- Negative intrathoracic pressure Pretracheal muscles are strong in men Strong neck, obesity, strong ribbon muscles CLINICAL FEATURES- Asymptomatic Dyspnea, dysphagia Pemberton’s sign- engorged veins
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GOITER GOITRE DIFFUSE HYPERPLASTIC GOITER/ SIMPLE NON TOXIC/ COLLOID GOITER Usually seen at times of increased physiological demands as puberty, pregnancy. TSH stimulation ↑ (hyperthyroidism) → DHG → Colloid goitre Thyroid swelling moves on deglutition More common in females (15- 25yrs) Epidemiologically, goitre occurs in 2 forms- a) Endemic- Prevalence of goitre in geographic area
Goitre Classification & Pathology GOITRE Diffuse enlargement of thyroid gland is called as goitre. CLASSIFICATION- I) According to WHO grading system- Grade 0 – no palpable/ visible goitre Grade 1 – Palpable goitre/ visible on neck extension Grade 2 – Goitre visible in normal neck position Grade 3 – Very large goitre II) According to
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CLEFT PALATE CLEFT PALATE Cleft palate is a type of clefting (fissure or gap) congenital deformity caused by abnormal facial development during gestation. Imperfect fusion or developmental anomalies of median nasal process, maxillary process and palatine process (which fuses around 6-8 weeks of intrauterine life). ETIOLOGY- Genetic predisposition Environmental factor (drugs like steroids, diazepam,
VINCENT ANGINA VINCENT’S ANGINA Vincent’s angina is an acute, painful ulceromembranous stomatitis or acute ulcerative gingivitis and stomatitis. It may occur as- Acute form- involves tissues diffusely Chronic form- ulceration of tonsils ETIOLOGY Caused by Vincent’s organisms- Borrelia vincentii, an anaerobic spirochaete & fusiform (gram-negative rods). Malnutrition, DM, tooth caries. CLINICAL FEATURES- Seen in children
