LUNGS IN HIV Q. 1 An 66—year—old AIDS patient with pneumonia has a bronchoalveolar lavage that demonstrates small, “hat-shaped” structures in alveoli that are about the size of an erythrocyte and stain with silver stains. The microorganism involved is most likely which of the following? A Blastomyces dermatitidis B Mycobacterium a vium C Mycobacterium tuberculosis […]
Toxoplasma gondii: Toxoplasmosis Clinical manifestation of toxoplasmosis 1.Adults a. lmmunocompetant host Asymptomatic in 90% of patients. M.C. clinical feature is cervical lymphadenopathy. Other less common manifestations are pneumonia, myocarditis Encephalitis- rare b. Immunocompromised host M.C. signs and symptoms are principally within CNS : Encephalopathy, Meningoencephalitis. 2. Children a. Congenital May present with hydrocephalus, microcephaly mental retardation,
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Toxoplasma gondii: Toxoplasmosis Q. 1 Scenario: An infant with congenital toxoplasmosis is treated with pyrimethamine for one year. The diagnosis was late to be made. Assertion: Detection of IgM and IgG specific antibody in fetus is helpful in diagnosing congenital toxoplasmosis since it cross placenta. Reason: Serological diagnosis is based on the Persistence
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HIV Involving Nervous System CNS INVOLVEMENT OF HIV: Cerebral involvement: AIDS dementia complex Vacuolar myelopathy HIV -1 associated neuronopathy is characterized by infiltration of macrophages into the CNS formation of microglial nodule multinucleated giant cell Astrocyte activation and damage neuronal loss particularly in Hippocampus, Basal ganglia, Caudate nucleus. PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BRAINS IN AIDS : Gross: Encephalitis: frontal
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HIV Involving Nervous System Q. 1 Least common cause of seizures in AIDS patient is? A Toxoplasmosis B Cerebral lymphoma C Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy D Cryptococcal meningitis Q. 1 Least common cause of seizures in AIDS patient is? A Toxoplasmosis B Cerebral lymphoma C Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy D Cryptococcal meningitis Ans. C Explanation: Progressive multifocal
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Treatment Modalities In HIV/AIDS Patients People requiring treatment Adults,children and pregnant women with HIV infection CD4 counts of < 350 cells/mm3 Regardless of presence or absence of clinical features ART given Patients Treatment options Adults and adolescents MT or TDF+ 3TC or FTC + EFV or NVP Pregnant women AZT + 3TC + EFV or
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Treatment Modalities In HIV/AIDS Patients Q. 1 Drug of choice for diarrhea in AIDS is? A Loperamide B Lactulose C Octreotide D Codeine Q. 1 Drug of choice for diarrhea in AIDS is? A Loperamide B Lactulose C Octreotide D Codeine Ans. C Explanation: Octreotide REF: Goodman and Gillman 11th ed p. 635 Octreotide inhibits
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Prevention Methods In HIV PHARMACEUTICALS: Some commonly considered pharmaceutical interventions for the prevention: microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases pre-exposure prophylaxis post-exposure prophylaxis circumcision (see also Circumcision and HIV) antiretroviral drugs to reduce viral load in the infected condoms, and low dead space syringes SOCIAL STRATEGIES: sex education LGBT sex education needle-exchange programmes safe injection sites safe sex serosorting sexual abstinence
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Prevention Methods In HIV Q. 1 Gloves, syringes, needles etc., used for patients whose HIV test results is not known, should be immersed in – A Povidone – iodine 1% B Boiling water C 1% solution of sodium hypochlorite D None Q. 1 Gloves, syringes, needles etc., used for patients whose HIV test results is
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WHO clinical staging of HIV/AIDS for children with confirmed HIV infection WHO clinical staging of HIV/AIDS for children with confirmed HIV infection Clinical stage 1 Asymptomatic Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy Clinical stage 2 Unexplained persistent hepatosplenomegaty Papular pruritic eruptions Fungal nail infection Angular cheilitis Lineal gingival erythema Extensive wart virus infection Extensive molluscum contagiosum Recurrent oral
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