Mitochondrial changes in cell injury Mitochondrial changes during cell injury are explained in a pictorial flow chart Reversible cell injury-results in swelling & amorphous deposits in mitochondria Irreversible cell injury-results in swelling with vacuoles & large deposits
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Nuclear changes in cell injury Nuclear changes in cell injury are explained in a flowchart. Reversible cell injury-Results in clumped chromatin in nucleus Irreversible cell injury-Results in karyolysis, karyorrhexis, pyknosis
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Metabolic fate of amino acid Metabolic fate of amino acid explained with the help of classification of amino acid All Amino Acid Can Produce Glucose Except Leucine & Lysine Gluco & ketogenic-Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan Purely ketogenic-Lucine & lysine Glucogenic-Glycine, alanine, valine, Threonine, Serine, Cysteine, Methionine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Arginine, Histidine
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Methyl directed DNA repair Mismatch repair basics Mismatch detected in newly synthesised DNA New DNA is cut & mismatched nucleotide & its neighbours are removed Missing patch is replaced with correct nucleotides by DNA polymerase DNA ligase seals the gap in DNA backbone Methyl directed repair-prokaryotes Methyl directed repair-Eukaryotes → MSH2, MLH1, MSH3 and MSH6
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Imino acid proline Structure explained pictorially → αAmino Acid forms a rigid 5-member Pyrrolidine Ring → Can forms Peptide Bond favors unique Triple Helix in Collagen → But interrupts the α helix found in most globular proteins
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Ascending auditory pathway Auditory Pathway Component Mnemonic E.C.O.L.I.M.A Ear receptors (Hair cells) in Cochlea and Eighth Cranial nerve (CN VIII) Cochlear nucleus Superior Olivary nucleus Lateral lemniscus Inferior colliculus Medial geniculate body Auditory cortex. Components in the Ascending pathway are arranged from peripheral to central.
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Allosteric Regulation of enzyme One catalytic site where substrate binds Other site where modifier/ effectors binds Homotrophic allosteric enzyme- same modulator & substrate. There effect is positive. Heterotrophic allosteric enzyme- modulator is other than substrate. Can have –ve or +ve effect. Cooperative Binding – Substrate binding↑ affinity of other substrate other subunits
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Basic principles of pharmacotherapy for depression Specific pharmacotherapy doubles the chances of recovery in 1 month Most anti-depressants take 3-4 weeks to exert significant therapeutic effects Should be taken for 6 months or equal to duration of previous episode [which ever greater] Prophylactic advised if >3 episodes in a year or have chronic major depressive
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Psychotherapy for depression Treatment using psychological techniques Cognitive Behavior Therapy Aims at correcting cognitive distortions [Faulty ways of thinking] and faulty behaviors The most effective psychotherapeutic technique in depression Interpersonal Therapy Focuses on management of patient’s current interpersonal problems Others Behavior therapy, Family Therapy and Psychoanalysis oriented therapy
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Management of depression Pharmacotherapy Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) SSRIs SNRIs Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Atypical Antidepressants Psychotherapy Cognitive Behavior Therapy Interpersonal Therapy Behavior Therapy Somatic Therapy ECT Trans cranial magnetic stimulation Vagal Nerve stimulation Deep brain stimulation Sleep deprivation Phototherapy
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