module Test

Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (Anca)

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ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY (ANCA) ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES(ANCA) ANCA’s are the heterogeneous group of autoantibodies directed against antigens which are found within primary granules of neutrophil and in the lysosomes of monocytes and in endothelial cells.  Description based on immunofluorescence pattern of staining of ethanol-fixed neutrophils. With immunofluorescence two principal patterns are recognized: 1.  Anti-proteinase-3 (PR3-ANCA) Previously referred to as “Cytoplasmic […]

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Langerhan’c cell Histiocytosis

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LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS (LCH) LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS. Previously referred to as “Histiocytosis X”.  Before identifying “unknown X”; X refers to Langerhans, Langerhans cells are dendritic cells functioning as antigen presenting cells, present mostly in skin – epidermis. Unusual proliferation of immature dendritic cells called “Langerhans cell histiocytosis”. Considered neoplastic with oncogenetic mutations of BRAF. Pathological morphology: Proliferating Langerhans cells

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Tumor Protein 53

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TUMOR PROTEIN 53 (TP53) TUMOR PROTEIN 53/TP53 INTRODUCTION: One among “Tumor suppressor gene”. A Phosphoprotein, barely detectable in nucleus of normal cells. Also referred to as “Molecular policeman”/“Guardian angel of genome”  Due to its protective role in cell cycle. Hallmarks of cancer. In non-stressed, healthy cells has short half-life~20 mins Due to its association with MDM2. MDM2 – Negative

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Medical Termination Of Pregnancy (Mtp) Act

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MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP) ACT MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY  (MTP)  ACT The MTP act was introduced in 1971 Consent of husband  is  not  required. Abortion  cannot  be  performed  on  request  of husband,  if  women  herself  is  not  willing. Under MTP Act, pregnancy cannot be terminated after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Above 20 weeks, the

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Undertaker Fracture,Stalking,para-suicide, heat and cold stoke

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Undertaker Fracture,Stalking,para-suicide, heat and cold stoke Introduction:  Undertaker’s fracture is an artifact related to poor handling of the corpse characterized by subluxation of the lower cervical spine from tearing of the intervertebral disc at C6-C7 vertebral level. It occurs due to sudden fall of the head over occipital region.  stalking – physical or electronic via phone

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Ethylene glycol & Boric acid poisoning

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Ethylene glycol & Boric acid poisoning Ethylene  glycol It  is  used as  an antifreeze. It  is  not  absorbed  through  skin. It is  metabolised to  glycoaldehyde,  glycolic  acid  and  oxalic  acid. Ethylene glycol when ingested affects kidney by forming oxalates. It  inhibits  oxidative  phosphorylation. Symptoms:  vomiting,  lethargy,  ataxia,  convulsions & coma. ln  l2-24hrs,  tachycardia,  tachyapnea,electrolyte  imbalance& 

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Miscellaneous Poisoning

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MISCELLANEOUS POISONING MISCELLANEOUS  POISONING 5pecial gases Sewer gas : H2S  with CO2  and methane. Marsh gas →  Methane War  gases  : Tear  gas → (i)  Bromobenzylcyanide  (BBC),  (ii) Chloroacetophenone (CAP) Blister gas →:  Mustard  gas (also called Blistering war gas), this results in Orange-skin cornea, and  BAL  (Lewisite)  gas Sickening  gas → Diphinyl-amine-chlor-arsine Laughing gas → N2O Narcoanylasis It  is  a test to 

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DELIRIANT POISONS: Dhatura,Strychnine

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DELIRIANT POISONS: Dhatura,Strychnine DELIRIANT  POISONS Dhatura  {thorn  apple} Dhatura  (thorn  apple)  grows  on  waste  land  all over  india  and  is  of two  types (i)  Dhatura alba  and  (ii) Dhatura  niger  All parts  of plant  is  poisonous, especially  seeds and fruits. Active  principles  of  dhatura: levohyoscyamine, Hyoscine (scopolamine)  Atropine Clinical features:poisoning is due to Anticholinergic;  These 

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CNS DEPRESSANTS: Barbiturate poisoning & Chloral hydrate

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CNS DEPRESSANTS: Barbiturate poisoning & Chloral hydrate Barbiturate  poisoning It  is  mostly  suicidal, sometimes  accidental. Manifestations  are due  to  excessive  CNS  depression. patient  is  flabby  and  comatose  with shallow  and failing  respiration  cyanosis. fall  in  BP and  cardiovascular  collapse. Renal shut  down,  pulmonary complications,  bullous eruption  (barbiturate  blisters). Hypothermia ,  Finally  there  is  coma. Individuals

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Phosphorus Poisioning

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Phosphorus Poisioning PHOSPHORUS  POISONING: Phosphorus is  a protoplasmic  poison  affecting  cellular  oxidation  and causing  anoxic  necorbiosis,  classically  affecting liver.   It increases  fat  deposition  and  inhibits  glycogen  deposition  in  liver.  It is  used  in  fire  works  (Diwali  poisoning)  and as  rat  poison. Lethal dose  is  60-120  mg. Earliar CuSO4 was used as an antidote for phosphorous poisoning.

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